{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:25:08Z","timestamp":1773667508668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the efficacy of transmucosal euthanasia solution to induce euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 bearded dragons (<jats:italic>Pogona vitticeps<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An initial dose of euthanasia solution containing pentobarbital and phenytoin sodium was administered transmucosally in conscious lizards (100 mg\/kg pentobarbital dose), followed by a second dose 20 minutes later (400 mg\/kg pentobarbital dose). The presence of movement, leakage of euthanasia solution, behaviors consistent with oral irritation, respiratory rate, heart rate, palpebral and corneal reflex, and response to noxious stimuli were recorded until death, confirmed by the absence of Doppler cardiac flow and cardiac electrical activity. The time to loss of all parameters was calculated. Postmortem evaluation allowed for histopathologic evaluation of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract to detect potential mucosal damage from the alkaline euthanasia solution.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The median time to death was 300 minutes (range, 300 to 360 minutes), median time to respiratory arrest was 30 minutes (range, 30 to 50 minutes), and median time to loss of deep pain response was 30 minutes (range, 20 to 50 minutes). Signs consistent with oral irritation occurred in 4 of 6 (66.7%) lizards, including 2 lizards that exhibited whole-body spasms after euthanasia solution administration. Histopathologic changes indicating peracute mucosal ulceration, suspected to be from caustic causes, were identified in 1 (1\/6 [16.7%]) lizard.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Transmucosal euthanasia solution administration resulted in clinical euthanasia within 6 hours. This method should be utilized only after premedication with analgesic and\/or anesthetic medications due to the potential for acute mucosal ulceration and behaviors that may be distressing in client-owned animals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.02.0026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T12:38:11Z","timestamp":1712147891000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transmucosal administration of pentobarbital and phenytoin solution induces euthanasia in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Amanda D.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Dalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise M.","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krista A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. 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