{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:10:54Z","timestamp":1747210254227,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium is a significant zoonotic concern for human food poisoning and a substantial economic burden in the swine industry. We previously reported that nasally delivered chitosan-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) encapsulating honeybee venom (CP-HBV) could enhance CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T helper 1 (Th1)-related immune responses in healthy pigs. Building upon these findings, the current study aimed to investigate the protective immune enhancement by nasally delivered CP-HBV in pigs challenged with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>36 healthy, 4-week-old, female, Landrace X Yorkshire X Duroc pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>36 pigs were allocated into 3 groups: CP-HBV (n = 16), control (n = 16), and healthy baseline control (n = 4). CP-HBV and control groups were challenged with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium 7 days post-treatment. Pigs from the healthy control group were sacrificed at 0 days postinfection (DPI), and 4 pigs from each of the control and CP-HBV groups were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 7 DPI. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> shedding, immune cell frequencies, cytokines, and transcriptional factor expression levels were measured.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CP-HBV group exhibited lower bacterial shedding and an enhanced Th1-related immune response characterized by an upregulation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Interferon-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, accompanied by increased expression of Th1-related cytokines and reduced expression of regulatory T cells and immunosuppressive cytokines compared to the control group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CP-HBV is a promising strategy for controlling <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections in pigs and improving public health.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.03.0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T13:46:02Z","timestamp":1718891162000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nasally delivered chitosan-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) encapsulating honeybee venom enhances T helper 1\u2013related immunity against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2000-1417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jina","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bock-Gie","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bong-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"23","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the immune response upon Salmonella Typhimurium infection along the porcine intestinal gut","volume":"41","author":"Collado-Romero M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collado-Romero M, Arce C, Ram\u00edrez-Boo M, Carvajal A, Garrido JJ. 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