{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T16:45:34Z","timestamp":1756572334175,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate whether a humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) alters bone strain in the French Bulldog humerus, we developed a quantitative CT-based 3-D finite element (FE) model for virtual mechanical testing. We hypothesized that higher strains would be seen in the intracondylar region and lateral epicondylar crest if there was a HIF.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patient CT scans from 3 (n = 3) French Bulldogs were selected. Dog 1 had a closed distal physis and no HIF. Dog 2 had an open distal humeral physis but no HIF. Dog 3 had an open distal physis and a HIF. A 3-D FE model was built for FE analysis, and pressure was applied to the humerus over the region that contacts the radial head.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The maximum principal bone strain patterns differed in each of the models. A path of strain concentration mimicking the typical pattern of a lateral condylar fracture was only found in dog 3. Maximum principal strain exceeded 1% in parts of the lateral epicondylar crest in all 3 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We developed a patient-specific, quantitative CT-based 3-D FE model for virtual mechanical testing. We accepted our hypothesis. Strain concentration occurred in the intracondylar region and along the lateral epicondylar crest only when a HIF was present.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The presence of a HIF in French Bulldogs elevates maximum principal bone strain in this region and alters its path in an FE model, which suggests an increased risk of a lateral humeral condylar fracture.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.04.0105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T13:17:03Z","timestamp":1725974223000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A humeral intracondylar fissure elevates maximum principal bone strain in the humeral condyle and lateral epicondylar crest in French Bulldogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7565-9470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9937-1204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soroush","family":"Irandoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-6005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"article-title":"The most popular dog breeds of 2022","year":"2023","key":"B1","unstructured":"The most popular dog breeds of 2022. 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