{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:52:50Z","timestamp":1782762770800,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate methods for euthanizing cave cockroaches (CCs; <jats:italic>Blaberus giganteus<\/jats:italic>) and Madagascar hissing cockroaches (MHCs; <jats:italic>Gromphadorhina portentosa<\/jats:italic>). It was hypothesized that both suggested methods would be effective for humane mass euthanasia of both species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Approximately 800 CC.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CCs were separated into replicate groups of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 grams and placed into 3.8-L plastic bags. Twenty-seven MHCs were divided into groups of 2 to 3. The study took place from January to March 2023. All CC groups were exposed to 100% carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) at a rate of 4 L\/min until the bag was full. Madagascar hissing cockroaches were similarly anesthetized using either CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or 2 mL of isoflurane on a cotton ball in a 1-L container or a combination of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and isoflurane. Once cockroaches were immobile, secondary euthanasia steps were performed. One bag of CCs per weight category was exposed to soapy water (5% Dawn dishwashing liquid), and the second was placed into a \u221280 \u00b0C freezer. The containers of MHCs were evenly exposed to the 2 euthanasia methods. Individuals remained in their secondary euthanasia method for 30 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Regardless of the weight of the CCs within each bag, there was no impact on time (1.8 \u00b1 0.4 minutes [mean \u00b1 SD]) to immobility. The failure rates for both species were 0.2% CI (\u22120.1% to 1.5% [1\/413]) for soapy water and 0.5% CI (0.005% to 1.9% [2\/414]) for the freezer method. These results support the use of both 2-step euthanasia methods in CCs and MHCs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These methods will serve as an evidence-based alternative for humane mass euthanasia in cockroaches.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.04.0114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T13:54:28Z","timestamp":1719582868000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The use of soapy water and freezing as secondary steps for euthanasia in cave (Blaberus giganteus) and Madagascar hissing (Gromphadorhina portentosa) cockroaches"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Summer","family":"Barnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda J.","family":"Sadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hausmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Denver Zoo, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khursheed","family":"Mama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Front Phys","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Nociceptive pathway in the cockroach Periplaneta americana","volume":"10","author":"Emanuel S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emanuel S, Libersat F. Nociceptive pathway in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Front Phys. 2019;10:1100."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"973376","article-title":"Perspective: opportunities for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare","volume":"9","author":"Wahltinez SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wahltinez SJ, Stacy NI, Hadfield CA, et al. Perspective: opportunities for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:973376. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.973376"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Anim Welf","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Challenges in farmed insect welfare: beyond the question of sentience","volume":"32","author":"Barrett M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barrett M, Fischer B. Challenges in farmed insect welfare: beyond the question of sentience. Anim Welf. 2023;32:e4."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"PeerJ","first-page":"e16199","article-title":"Investigation of euthanasia techniques in four species of cockroaches","volume":"11","author":"Tucker SM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tucker SM, Balko JA, Smith D, Minter LJ, Houck EL. Investigation of euthanasia techniques in four species of cockroaches. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16199. doi:10.7717\/peerj.16199"},{"key":"B5","author":"Leary S","unstructured":"Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R, et al. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. AVMA. Accessed April 1, 2024. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Invertebrate Medicine","first-page":"645","article-title":"Euthanasia","author":"Murray MJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray MJ. Euthanasia. In: Lewbart GA (ed). Invertebrate Medicine. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2022:645\u2013650."},{"issue":"5","key":"B7","series-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anml Sci","first-page":"577","article-title":"Evaluation of euthanasia techniques for an invertebrate species, land snails (Succinea putris)","volume":"55","author":"Gilbertson CR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilbertson CR, Wyatt JD. Evaluation of euthanasia techniques for an invertebrate species, land snails (Succinea putris). J Am Assoc Lab Anml Sci. 2016;55(5):577\u2013581."},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"J Zool Botanic Gard","first-page":"231","article-title":"Evaluation of targeted injections of ivermectin or potassium chloride for euthanasia of anesthetized thorny devil stick insects (Eurycantha calcarata)","volume":"4","author":"Hennif AC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hennif AC, Gorges MA, Lewbart GA, Balko JA. Evaluation of targeted injections of ivermectin or potassium chloride for euthanasia of anesthetized thorny devil stick insects (Eurycantha calcarata). J Zool Botanic Gard. 2023;4(1):231\u2013239."},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Zoo Biol","first-page":"164","article-title":"Anesthesia and humane euthanasia methods for king worm larvae (Zophobas morio)","volume":"43","author":"Lum AM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lum AM, Keller KA. Anesthesia and humane euthanasia methods for king worm larvae (Zophobas morio). Zoo Biol. 43(2):164\u2013168:2024. doi:10.1002\/zoo.21821"},{"issue":"3","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet. Clin Food Anim Pract","first-page":"569","article-title":"Honey-bees and humane eutshanasia","volume":"37","author":"Kyle B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyle B, Applegate JR. Honey-bees and humane eutshanasia. Vet. Clin Food Anim Pract. 2021;37(3):569\u2013575."},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"J Apicult Res","first-page":"2","article-title":"Euthanasia and welfare of managed honey-bee colonies","volume":"62","author":"Mutinelli F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mutinelli F. Euthanasia and welfare of managed honey-bee colonies. J Apicult Res. 2023;62(1):2\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"205","article-title":"Clinical techniques of invertebrates","volume":"9","author":"Braun ME","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun ME, Heatley JJ, Chitty J. Clinical techniques of invertebrates. J Vet Clin. 2006;9(2):205\u2013221. doi:10.1016\/j.cvex.2006.02.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac Pathol","first-page":"279","article-title":"A review of artifacts in histopathology","volume":"22","author":"Taqi SA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taqi SA, Sami SA, Samit LB, Zaki SA. A review of artifacts in histopathology. J. Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2018; 22(2):279. doi:10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_125_15"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/9\/ajvr.24.04.0114.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/9\/ajvr.24.04.0114.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/9\/ajvr.24.04.0114.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T17:25:21Z","timestamp":1727803521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/9\/ajvr.24.04.0114.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.24.04.0114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}}}