{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:46:09Z","timestamp":1787312769130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The purpose of this study was to compare various sampling techniques and commercially available diagnostic tests for\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium serpentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A colony of 80 eastern indigo snakes (\n                      <jats:italic>Drymarchon couperi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in human care was screened for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>C serpentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      using endoscopic gastric mucosal biopsies for histologic and molecular analyses. At the time of endoscopic examination and biopsy, a cloacal swab, gastric swab, and gastric lavage sample were also collected. A\n                      <jats:italic>C serpentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013specific probe hybridization quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed on each sample. The gastric lavage sample was divided equally for direct microscopy, acid-fast stain, rapid qualitative immunochromatographic assay, direct fluorescent antibody, and 5 different PCR analyses. If a fecal sample was available at the time of endoscopic evaluation, it was also evaluated for\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      oocysts by direct microscopy and acid-fast staining.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When comparing test results to histologic analyses, the sensitivity of the probe hybridization qPCR of gastric biopsy, gastric lavage, and gastric swab was 100% while the cloacal swab was 72%. When gastric lavage tests were compared, qPCRs outperformed the other tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endoscopic biopsy for histologic and qPCR analyses is recommended for disease diagnosis, while gastric lavage or gastric swab samples for qPCR analysis are as sensitive as endoscopic biopsy for screening for the pathogen but cannot diagnose disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results from this study allow the veterinary practitioner to select the most appropriate sample and testing methodology when evaluating an ophidian patient for gastric cryptosporidiosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.05.0136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T08:28:17Z","timestamp":1723105697000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of sampling techniques and diagnostic tests for Cryptosporidium serpentis in eastern indigo snakes (Drymarchon couperi)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-7724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James E.","family":"Bogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Florida Zoo's Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, Eustis, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra K.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Florida Zoo's Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, Eustis, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Mishel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Florida Zoo's Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, Eustis, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather D. 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X.","family":"Wellehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6951-6070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Ossiboff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dahlhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Milford, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"606","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis","volume":"14","author":"Brownstein DG","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brownstein DG, Strandberg JD, Montali RJ, Bush M, Fortner J. 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