{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:09:19Z","timestamp":1768284559538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine if sedation with medetomidine-vatinoxan (Zenalpha; Dechra Veterinary Products) and midazolam (Alvogen) (ZM) would cause less cardiovascular depression and maintain similar depth and duration of sedation in pigeons (<jats:italic>Columba livia domestica<\/jats:italic>) compared to dexmedetomidine and midazolam (DM).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a blinded crossover study, 15 healthy adult domestic pigeons were sedated IM with either dexmedetomidine (0.08 mg\/kg) and midazolam (2 mg\/kg) or medetomidine (0.16 mg\/kg), vatinoxan (3.2 mg\/kg), and midazolam (2 mg\/kg) from November through December 2023. Each subject was monitored for 60 minutes, then the sedation was reversed with atipamezole (0.8 mg\/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 mg\/kg) as needed. Sedation scores, heart rates, and respiratory rates were compared.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There was no significant difference in the peak sedation score between DM and ZM groups, with both exhibiting median scores of 4 (heavy sedation). Mean heart rate was significantly higher for ZM than DM at 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 65 minutes postinjection. Bradycardia occurred in both groups at 5 and 10 minutes postinjection and persisted for DM until reversal with atipamezole. Arrhythmias were auscultated in both groups. Bradypnea was not observed in either group, and all birds resumed normal behavior following recovery and the following day.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medetomidine-vatinoxan-midazolam provides a similar depth of sedation to DM but with less incidence of bradycardia. Further study is needed to determine the clinical applicability of this sedative in birds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medetomidine-vatinoxan may be considered for short-term sedation and restraint in cardiovascularly stable pigeons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.05.0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T17:13:14Z","timestamp":1723223594000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Medetomidine-vatinoxan-midazolam provides similar sedation depth with reduced bradycardia compared to dexmedetomidine-midazolam in pigeons (Columba livia domestica)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-1839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"Jeffrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sallaberry-Pincheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Unidad De Rehabilitacion De Fauna Silvestre, Escuela De Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad De Ciencias De La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Camlic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul Duke STEM High School, Norcross, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Barletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Divers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Carpenter\u2019s Exotic Animal Formulary","first-page":"274","article-title":"Birds","author":"Guzman DSM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guzman DSM, Beaufrere H, Welle KR, Heatley J, Visser M, Harms CA. 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