{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T04:32:59Z","timestamp":1770525179728,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of repeated steam sterilization cycles on the biomechanical properties of surgical screws.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>42 3.5-mm and 42 2.0-mm self-tapping, cortical screws were divided into 3 groups per size and underwent autoclave sterilization for 1 (G1), 50 (G50), or 100 (G100) cycles and testing from August 2018 through June 2021. Sixty screws were then inserted into canine cadaver femurs, and biomechanical properties were measured, including peak insertional torque, torque to failure, and pullout strength, each normalized to cortical thickness. Scanning electron micrographs were taken from 24 screws, and images were blindly analyzed by 5 trained examiners.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean normalized insertion torque for 3.5-mm screws was significantly different between G1 and both G50 and G100. The mean normalized torque to failure for 3.5-mm screws was significantly different between G1 and both G50 and G100. Axial pullout testing was found to be significantly different for 2.0-mm screws between G1 and G100. Scanning electron micrographs surface scoring identified a significant difference in 3.5-mm screws at the screw tip.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicate that biomechanical changes occur with repeated steam sterilizations. Specifically, peak insertional torque and torque to failure are decreased with increased sterilizations for 3.5-mm screws, whereas 2.0-mm screws were altered in pullout testing after 100 sterilizations. It is suspected that numerous sterilizations negatively alter the physical-mechanical properties of certain screw sizes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The biomechanical properties of the bone-implant interface could negatively be affected by multiple steam sterilizations during clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.06.0170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T12:43:39Z","timestamp":1722429819000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of repeated steam sterilizations on insertional torque, torque to failure, and axial pullout strength of 3.5-mm and 2.0-mm cortical bone screws"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Francisco Morales","family":"Y\u00f1iguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Trenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Riggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Pharm Eng","first-page":"6","article-title":"Steam sterilization principles","volume":"33","author":"Dion M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dion M, Parker W. Steam sterilization principles. Pharm Eng. 2013;33:6."},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"674","article-title":"Effects of repeated sterilization cycles on primary stability of orthodontic mini-screws","volume":"83","author":"Akyalcin S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akyalcin S, McIver HP, English JD, Ontiveros JC, Gallerano RL. Effects of repeated sterilization cycles on primary stability of orthodontic mini-screws. Angle Orthod. 2013;83(4):674\u2013679. doi:10.2319\/082612-685.1"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent","first-page":"29","article-title":"The effect of steam sterilization on the accuracy of spring-style mechanical torque devices for dental implants","volume":"4","author":"Mahshid M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahshid M, Saboury A, Fayaz A, Sadr SJ, Lampert F, Mir M. The effect of steam sterilization on the accuracy of spring-style mechanical torque devices for dental implants. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2012;4:29\u201335. doi:10.2147\/CCIDEN.S32052"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Int Endod J","first-page":"156","article-title":"The effect of autoclaving on torsional moment of two nickel-titanium endodontic files","volume":"45","author":"King JB","year":"2012","unstructured":"King JB, Roberts HW, Bergeron BE, Mayerchak MJ. The effect of autoclaving on torsional moment of two nickel-titanium endodontic files. Int Endod J. 2012;45(2):156\u2013161. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01958.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B5","series-title":"J Int Oral Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of repeated sterilization cycles on the physical properties of scaling instruments: a scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"7","author":"Porto AN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Porto AN, Borges AH, Semenoff-Segundo A, et al. Effect of repeated sterilization cycles on the physical properties of scaling instruments: a scanning electron microscopy study. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(5):1\u20134."},{"issue":"12","key":"B6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1660","article-title":"Effect of pilot hole diameter and tapping on insertion torque and axial pullout strength of 4.0-mm cancellous bone screws","volume":"72","author":"Kunkel KA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kunkel KA, Suber JT, Gerard PD, Kowaleski MP. Effect of pilot hole diameter and tapping on insertion torque and axial pullout strength of 4.0-mm cancellous bone screws. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(12):1660\u20131665. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.72.12.1660"},{"key":"B7","year":"2023","unstructured":"Standard speci\ufb01cation and test methods for metallic medical bone screws. ASTM Standards, Developed by Subcommittee: F543-17. 2023; 13.02. 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Biomaterials. \ufeff1995;16(17):545\u2013551. doi:10.1016\/0142-9612(95)91128-L"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/10\/ajvr.24.06.0170.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/10\/ajvr.24.06.0170.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/10\/ajvr.24.06.0170.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T17:21:31Z","timestamp":1727803291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/10\/ajvr.24.06.0170.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.24.06.0170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}