{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T08:05:33Z","timestamp":1745222733598,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate if opioid-induced behavioral effects, such as sedation, can be detected using a shuttle box experimental apparatus and whether thermal preference following noxious stimulation using mustard oil is reversed by morphine administration in fish.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>5 goldfish (<jats:italic>Carassius auratus<\/jats:italic>) underwent 2 randomized blinded experimental trials, with a crossover study design. First, opioid effects were tested in a shuttle box without painful stimulus. Fish were injected 5 days apart with butorphanol at 0.4 or 10 mg\/kg, morphine at 5 or 10 mg\/kg, or saline IM. After 30 minutes, each fish was placed in a shuttle box for 2 hours with a temperature gradient of 26 to 28 \u00b0C. Temperature preference, time spent immobile, and swimming velocity were assessed. The second trial consisted of cutaneous noxious stimulation using mustard oil immersion for 5 minutes followed by an assessment of thermal preference for 4 minutes in the shuttle box after either morphine at 10 mg\/kg or saline IM injections. Linear mixed models were used to compare treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Before noxious stimulation, a low dose of morphine caused sedation compared with control group and high-dose morphine and butorphanol treatments. Immersion in mustard oil caused fish to spend more time in the cold area in the control group. Morphine administration reversed this pattern.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The sedative and analgesic effects of opioids were detected through this model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The shuttle box model could be used to assess the analgesic effects of other opioids in goldfish while reducing biases associated with the sedative and stimulatory effects of these drugs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.06.0172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T13:30:23Z","timestamp":1725543023000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Use of a shuttle box model to assess the behavioral and analgesic effects of opioid injections in goldfish (Carassius auratus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Jacobo","family":"Romano Noriega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement De Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 De M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 De Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Levet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement De Sciences Biologiques, Universit\u00e9 De Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra A.","family":"Binning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement De Sciences Biologiques, Universit\u00e9 De Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Vergneau-Grosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement De Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 De M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 De Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"US pet ownership and demographics sourcebook. 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