{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:58:42Z","timestamp":1781931522092,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To characterize cystometry in conscious and anesthetized sheep, including bladder response to sacral root electrical stimulation, thereby providing a baseline set of values.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Single-fill cystometries were repeated in adult mule ewes both conscious (n = 5) and under general anesthesia (18) using a commercial system. Parameters including bladder capacity, detrusor (bladder) pressure, urethral opening pressure, bladder compliance, number of nonvoiding detrusor contractions, and bladder pressure change in response to electrical stimulation of the sacral roots under general anesthesia are reported. Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies relating to ovine cystometry, and a systematic review was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In awake sheep, mean \u00b1 SD bladder capacity was 79.6 \u00b1 32.2 mL, urethral opening pressure was 26.0 \u00b1 10.7 cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, and compliance was 3.5 \u00b1 1.9 mL\/cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. Peak detrusor pressures during micturition reached 57.7 \u00b1 28.3 cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. In anesthetized animals, mean bladder capacity (endpoint, 50 cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O) was 333 \u00b1 191 mL, and mean bladder compliance was 7.7 \u00b1 4.9 mL\/cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. Values for these parameters from our systematic review are presented for comparison and reference. Electrical stimulation of the second and third sacral roots caused a greater increase in detrusor pressure than stimulation of the first and fourth sacral roots.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We present a comprehensive set of data for normal cystometry parameters in sheep, including the first report of detrusor response to sacral root stimulation in anesthetized sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This report provides a valuable set of baseline values for a potential translational model of value to neurourologic research and may be a useful reference for clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.06.0173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T14:24:13Z","timestamp":1728051853000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Baseline cystometric parameters in conscious and anesthetized sheep: experimental data and systematic review"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0488-5478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jon","family":"Prager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Potters Bar, UK"},{"name":"Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4279-8930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK"},{"name":"Bath Institute for the Augmented Human, University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-6219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shamin","family":"Sadrafshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-1728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-2512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nick","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3036-3908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Potters Bar, UK"},{"name":"Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci","first-page":"453","article-title":"The neural control of micturition","volume":"9","author":"Fowler CJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, De Groat WC. 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