{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:39:53Z","timestamp":1785577193160,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate sedation and IV xylazine requirements to achieve 45% of baseline head height above ground measurements following oral (PO) administration of 2 trazodone dosages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 healthy, adult mares of various weights and breeds belonging to a university teaching herd were utilized in a blinded, crossover study design. Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 PO treatments: control (no trazodone), trazodone at 3 mg\/kg (low dose [LD]), or trazodone at 6 mg\/kg (high dose [HD]). Before treatment, cardiac auscultation, EquiSed sedation score, and head height above ground (HHAG; cm) measurements were performed (baseline) followed by feeding of the treatment mixture. After 120 minutes, sedation score and HHAG were recorded. Xylazine was administered IV (0.25 mg\/kg bolus followed by 0.1 mg\/kg\/min) until HHAG reached 45% of baseline or a total dose of 1 mg\/kg was reached. Individual data for xylazine dosage, sedation scores, and HHAG were analyzed using mixed linear models with repeated measures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sedation scores were significantly improved (LD, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .045; HD, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .01) and HHAG was lowered (LD, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .045; HD, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .09) by trazodone administration. Xylazine dose requirements were increased by LD trazodone administration (increase of 0.26 \u00b1 0.26 mg\/kg; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .03) and unchanged by HD (increase of 0.13 \u00b1 0.25 mg\/kg; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .38).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Oral trazodone administration increases quantifiable sedation in horses. Xylazine requirements are significantly increased by LD trazodone administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Oral administration of LD trazodone may increase xylazine requirements. Further clinical studies are required to fully assess the clinical relevance of this finding on other parameters such as cardiovascular physiology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.07.0185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T14:03:35Z","timestamp":1725631415000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral trazodone results in quantifiable sedation but does not result in a xylazine-sparing effect in healthy adult horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"William E.","family":"Swanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6791-1912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carrie","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"364","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory and sedative effects of a combination of acepromazine, xylazine and methadone in the horse","volume":"20","author":"Nilsfors L","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nilsfors L, Kvart C, Kallings P, Carlsten K, Bondesson U. Cardiorespiratory and sedative effects of a combination of acepromazine, xylazine and methadone in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1988 ;20(5):364\u2013367."},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therap","first-page":"194","article-title":"A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse","volume":"15","author":"England GCW","year":"1992","unstructured":"England GCW, Clarke KW, Goossens L. A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 1992;15(2):194\u2013201."},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"157","article-title":"The effects of a loading dose followed by a constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia, and response to stimuli in horses","volume":"40","author":"Ringer SK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ringer SK, Portier K, Torgerson PR, Castagno R, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. The effects of a loading dose followed by a constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia, and response to stimuli in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40(2):157\u2013165."},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"651","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses","volume":"52","author":"Wagner AE","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wagner AE, Muir WW 3rd, Hinchcliff KW. Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52(5):651\u2013657."},{"issue":"10","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, detomidine and xylazine in horses","volume":"62","author":"Yamashita K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yamashita K, Tsubakishita S, Futaok S, et al. Cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, detomidine and xylazine in horses. J Vet Med Sci. 2000;62(10):1025\u20131032."},{"issue":"10","key":"B6","series-title":"CNS Spectr","first-page":"536","article-title":"Mechanism of action of trazodone: a multifunctional drug","volume":"14","author":"Stahl SM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of trazodone: a multifunctional drug. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(10):536\u2013546."},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therap","first-page":"393","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperizine in the horse","volume":"41","author":"Davis JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davis JL, Schirmer J, Medlin E. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperizine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 2018;41(3):393\u2013401."},{"issue":"10","key":"B8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of trazodone following intravenous and oral administration to horses undergoing fitness training","volume":"78","author":"Knych HK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knych HK, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Stanley SD, Kass PH. 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