{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:44:15Z","timestamp":1791182655866,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were extracted from preexisting published studies and evaluated retrospectively to compare lactate and base deficit values at baseline and posthemorrhage with changes in corresponding hemoglobin (Hb) and Hct measurements to assess any association of such changes with severity of hemorrhage over time. To understand the goal, the objective of this study was to demonstrate statistical changes in laboratory values as described above.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Previous prospectively designed experiments on 120 mixed-breed dogs were conducted. Various parameters, including Hb and Hct, lactate concentration, and base deficit, were extracted from the previously mentioned experiments. To validate this retrospective study, subset data on heart rate and arterial pressure were compared. In a subset analysis, 60 experiments were extracted to compare baseline mean arterial pressure to posthemorrhagic values to prove the validity of this model. Published studies were evaluated retrospectively to compare lactate and base deficit values at baseline and posthemorrhage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Arterial pressure is lowest posthemorrhage, increases, then stabilizes. Baseline Hb averaged 15.1 g\/dL and Hct 43.4%, and posthemorrhage values averaged 12.1 g\/dL (Hb) and 35.3% (Hct). Significant differences were observed for both Hb (3.0 g\/dL difference; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) and Hct (8.3% difference; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) posthemorrhage. Lactate significantly increased (2.1; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), and base deficit significantly decreased (5.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The data collected retrospectively validated the model for significant hypotension. It was then possible to evaluate whether Hb and Hct may accurately predict the degree of hemorrhage. In this model, both Hb and Hct decreased posthemorrhage significantly, although the actual change in Hb and Hct posthemorrhage was modest. Lactate concentration increased, and base deficit decreased.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The data suggest that Hb, Hct, lactate, and base deficit should be studied to see if they may have a potential role in guiding resuscitation decisions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.08.0217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T13:46:44Z","timestamp":1734443204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit may signal degree of hemorrhagic shock: retrospective evaluation in a dog model"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0131-9879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Jahr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Letters and Science, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamika","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Letters and Science, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Hopster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berndt","family":"Driessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Gunther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Ann Intensive Care","first-page":"76","article-title":"How useful are hemoglobin concentration and its variations to predict significant hemorrhage in the early phase of trauma? A multicentric cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Figueiredo S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Figueiredo S, Taconet C, Harrois A, et al. How useful are hemoglobin concentration and its variations to predict significant hemorrhage in the early phase of trauma? A multicentric cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):76. doi:10.1186\/s13613-018-0420-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"312","article-title":"Hemoglobin drops within minutes of injuries and predicts need for an intervention to stop hemorrhage","volume":"63","author":"Bruns B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bruns B, Lindsey M, Rowe K, et al. Hemoglobin drops within minutes of injuries and predicts need for an intervention to stop hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2007;63(2):312\u2013315. doi:10.1097\/TA.0b013e31812389d6"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"766","article-title":"Initial hematocrit in trauma: a paradigm shift?","volume":"43","author":"Meason B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meason B. Initial hematocrit in trauma: a paradigm shift? J Emerg Med. 2012;43(4):766. doi:10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"46","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of serial haematocrit measurements in identifying major injury in adult trauma patients","volume":"37","author":"Zehtabchi S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zehtabchi S, Sinert R, Goldman M, Kapitanyan R, Ballas J. Diagnostic performance of serial haematocrit measurements in identifying major injury in adult trauma patients. Injury. 2006;37(1):46\u201352. doi:10.1016\/j.injury.2005.09.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"61","article-title":"Inadequacy of low-volume resuscitation with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) in dog hypovolemia","volume":"24","author":"Driessen B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Driessen B, Jahr JS, Lurie F, Gunther RA. Inadequacy of low-volume resuscitation with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) in dog hypovolemia. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2001;24(1):61\u201371. doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2001.00307.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B6","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"1771","article-title":"Arterial oxygenation and oxygen delivery after hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier infusion in canine hypovolemic shock: a dose-response study","volume":"31","author":"Driessen B","year":"2003","unstructured":"Driessen B, Jahr JS, Lurie F, Golkaryeh MS, Gunther RA. Arterial oxygenation and oxygen delivery after hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier infusion in canine hypovolemic shock: a dose-response study. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(6):1771\u20131779. doi:10.1097\/01.CCM.0000063476.79749.C1"},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"368","article-title":"Effects of isovolemic resuscitation with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) on systemic and mesenteric perfusion and oxygenation in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock: a comparison with 6% hetastarch solution and shed blood","volume":"33","author":"Driessen B","year":"2006","unstructured":"Driessen B, Jahr J, Lurie F, Gunther RA. Effects of isovolemic resuscitation with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) on systemic and mesenteric perfusion and oxygenation in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock: a comparison with 6% hetastarch solution and shed blood. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2006;33(6):368\u2013380. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00280.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"B8","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"2101","article-title":"Effects of low-volume hemoglobin glutamer-200 versus normal saline and arginine vasopressin resuscitation on systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygenation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model","volume":"35","author":"Driessen B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Driessen B, Zarucco L, Gunther RA, et al. Effects of low-volume hemoglobin glutamer-200 versus normal saline and arginine vasopressin resuscitation on systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygenation in a canine hemorrhagic shock model. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(9):2101\u20132109. doi:10.1097\/01.CCM.0000277040.31978.3D"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"119","article-title":"Blood substitutes and oxygen therapeutics: a review","volume":"132","author":"Jahr JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jahr JS, Guinn NR, Lowery DR, Shore-Lesserson L, Shander A. Blood substitutes and oxygen therapeutics: a review. Anesth Analg. 2021;132(1):119\u2013129. doi:10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003957"},{"issue":"4","key":"B10","series-title":"Adv Physiol Educ","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Wright table of the cardiac cycle: a stand-alone supplement to the Wiggers diagram","volume":"44","author":"Wright BE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wright BE, Watson GL, Selfridge NJ. The Wright table of the cardiac cycle: a stand-alone supplement to the Wiggers diagram. Adv Physiol Educ. 2020;44(4):554\u2013563. doi:10.1152\/advan.00141.2019"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Adv Shock Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"The effect of pH of resuscitative fluids in treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock","volume":"5","author":"McGovern PJ","year":"1981","unstructured":"McGovern PJ, Machiedo GW, Rush BF. The effect of pH of resuscitative fluids in treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock. Adv Shock Res. 1981;5:133\u2013141."},{"issue":"3","key":"B12","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"605","article-title":"Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage","volume":"82","author":"Cannon JW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS, et al. Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(3):605\u2013617. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000001333"},{"issue":"6","key":"B13","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"670","article-title":"Influence of sex and age on morphological organ damage after hemorrhagic shock","volume":"29","author":"Mees ST","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mees ST, Gwinner M, Marx K, et al. Influence of sex and age on morphological organ damage after hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2008;29(6):670\u2013674. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31815c3ea0"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"S105","article-title":"Comparison of shelf-stable and conventional resuscitation products in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock","volume":"97","author":"Edwards TH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Edwards TH, Venn EC, Le TD, et al. Comparison of shelf-stable and conventional resuscitation products in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(suppl 2):S105\u2013S112. doi:10.1097\/TA.0000000000004332"},{"issue":"2","key":"B15","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"300","article-title":"Artificial oxygen carriers-past, present, and future-a review of the most innovative and clinically relevant concepts","volume":"369","author":"Ferenz KB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferenz KB, Steinbicker AU. Artificial oxygen carriers-past, present, and future-a review of the most innovative and clinically relevant concepts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2019;369(2):300\u2013310. doi:10.1124\/jpet.118.254664"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"794561","article-title":"New applications of HBOC-201: a 25-year review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Cao M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao M, Zhao Y, He H, et al. New applications of HBOC-201: a 25-year review of the literature. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:794561. doi:10.3389\/fmed.2021.794561"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"76","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of admission total plasma protein as a predictor of red blood cell transfusion requirement in dogs diagnosed with traumatic and nontraumatic hemoabdomen: 90 dogs (2009-2019)","volume":"34","author":"Buseman M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buseman M, Blong AE, Yuan L, Mochel JP, Walton RAL. Retrospective evaluation of admission total plasma protein as a predictor of red blood cell transfusion requirement in dogs diagnosed with traumatic and nontraumatic hemoabdomen: 90 dogs (2009-2019). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2024;34(1):76\u201380."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/2\/ajvr.24.08.0217.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/2\/ajvr.24.08.0217.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/2\/ajvr.24.08.0217.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T13:39:47Z","timestamp":1738589987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/2\/ajvr.24.08.0217.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.24.08.0217","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}