{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:08:12Z","timestamp":1780668492827,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To compare the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in horses and to evaluate the safety of their chronic administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CBD- and CBDA-rich oil (1 mg\/kg) were administered orally twice daily to 7 adult horses over 6 weeks in a randomized, crossover design with a 2-week washout period. A 12-hour pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on day 1 of each 6-week trial, followed by the measurement of peak and trough concentrations at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6. The cannabinoids safety was assessed via daily physical examination, periodic bloodwork, and liver biopsy at the beginning and end of the study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>12-hour pharmacokinetics revealed a higher maximum serum concentration (103 vs 12 ng\/mL) and greater area under the curve (259 vs 62 ng\u00b7h\/mL) for CBDA when compared to CBD. Cannabidiolic acid nadir and peak serum levels over time ranged from 46 to 122 ng\/mL, which was higher than CBD (12 to 38 ng\/mL). Complete blood count and serum chemistry revealed no clinically relevant changes with either CBD or CBDA. No significant abnormalities were detected on liver ultrasonographic and histopathologic evaluation on day 0 and after both phases of the study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A dose of either 1 mg\/kg of CBD or CBDA administered long term appears safe; however, CBDA serum concentrations suggest superior absorption\/retention.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic cannabinoid supplementation in horses is safe. Considering the higher absorption of CBDA, its use is recommended to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of this common hemp derived cannabinoid.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.08.0235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T13:39:20Z","timestamp":1736429960000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chronic oral dosing of cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid full-spectrum hemp oil extracts has no adverse effects in horses: a pharmacokinetic and safety study"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Tongxin Charlotte","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Wakshlag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mason C.","family":"Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne S.","family":"Schwark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie L.","family":"Trottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7278-5463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garett","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8922-7927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Cercone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"J Nat Prod","first-page":"324","article-title":"Evolution of the cannabinoid and terpene content during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants from different chemotypes","volume":"79","author":"Aizpurua-Olaizola O","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Soydaner U, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk E, et al. 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