{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T05:33:15Z","timestamp":1740807195212,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the sonographic effects of alfaxalone and butorphanol alone and in combination on feline splenic size, shape, margins, echogenicity, echotexture, and blood flow. Our hypothesis was that alfaxalone alone and in combination would be associated with an increase in splenic size and blood flow and a nonhomogenous echotexture.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a randomized, prospective crossover study. 8 healthy adult cats were all injected IM with each of the following protocols in a randomized fashion, with a minimum of 7 days of washout between each protocol\u2014alfaxalone 2 mg\/kg, butorphanol 0.2 mg\/kg, and the 2 in combination. Splenic ultrasounds were performed before drug administration, then every 15 minutes for 1 hour subsequently. Ultrasound images were interpreted by 2 board-certified radiologists. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and feline multiparametric sedation scores (FMSS) were also recorded. Splenic appearance, heart rate, respiratory rate, and FMSS were compared to baseline.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were no significant changes detected in splenic margins, shape, echogenicity, echotexture, or blood flow compared to baseline for any of the protocols. An increase in splenic size occurred for all protocols, with no significant difference between them. Both protocols containing alfaxalone caused a significant increase in FMSS; butorphanol alone did not.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Alfaxalone did not affect splenic margins, echotexture, echogenicity, or blood flow; however, a mild and transient increase in splenic size was noted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Alfaxalone in combination with butorphanol provided the best sedation and can be used in the sedation of healthy cats for splenic ultrasound without significant changes to splenic appearance. Splenomegaly may occur but is unlikely to be of clinical significance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.09.0250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T18:55:20Z","timestamp":1737658520000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of alfaxalone, alone or with butorphanol, on the ultrasonographic appearance of the feline spleen"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"McBride","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Fizzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-1935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1420-2378","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"March\/April","key":"B1","series-title":"Today Vet Pract","first-page":"93","article-title":"Imaging essentials - small animal abdominal ultrasonography: the spleen","author":"Huynh E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huynh E, Berry CR. Imaging essentials - small animal abdominal ultrasonography: the spleen. Today Vet Pract. 2017;March\/April:93\u2013101. Accessed June 6, 2024. https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentialssmall-animal-abdominalultrasonography-spleen\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"326","article-title":"Formulation of a standardized protocol and determination of the size and appearance of the spleen in healthy cats","volume":"16","author":"Sayre RS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayre RS, Spaulding KA. Formulation of a standardized protocol and determination of the size and appearance of the spleen in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;16(4):326\u2013332. doi:10.1177\/1098612X13508947"},{"issue":"3","key":"B3","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"241","article-title":"Feline abdominal ultrasonography: what\u2019s normal? What\u2019s abnormal? The spleen","volume":"23","author":"Griffin S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Griffin S. Feline abdominal ultrasonography: what\u2019s normal? What\u2019s abnormal? The spleen. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(3):241\u2013255. doi:10.1177\/1098612X21993658"},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"773","article-title":"Prevalence and type of splenic diseases in cats: 455 cases (1985-1991)","volume":"201","author":"Spangler WL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spangler WL, Culbertson MR. Prevalence and type of splenic diseases in cats: 455 cases (1985-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;201(5):773\u2013776. doi:10.2460\/javma.1992.201.05.773"},{"issue":"6","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"829","article-title":"Prevalence, type, and importance of splenic diseases in dogs: 1,480 cases (1985-1989)","volume":"200","author":"Spangler WL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spangler WL, Culbertson MR. 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N Z Vet J. 2023;71(5):244\u2013250. doi:10.1080\/00480169.2023.2223177"},{"issue":"4","key":"B12","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"325","article-title":"Comparison of intramuscular butorphanol and buprenorphine combined with dexmedetomidine for sedation in cats","volume":"20","author":"Bhalla RJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhalla RJ, Trimble TA, Leece EA, Vettorato E. Comparison of intramuscular butorphanol and buprenorphine combined with dexmedetomidine for sedation in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;20(4):325\u2013331. doi:10.1177\/1098612X17709612"},{"issue":"6","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"717","article-title":"Administration of certain sedative drugs is associated with variation in sonographic and radiographic splenic size in healthy cats","volume":"60","author":"Auger M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Auger M, Fazio C, de Swarte M, Bussi\u00e8res G, Schaefer D, Springer CM. 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