{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T13:10:08Z","timestamp":1746105008409,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate coccidioidal antigen\u2013stimulated production of cytokines in healthy cats and determine optimum testing conditions (ie, incubation time and antigen concentration).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 client-owned, healthy cats that were seronegative for <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> spp antibodies were included in this prospective experimental study. Whole blood cultures were performed with exposure to PBS (vehicle control) or a coccidioidal antigen (recombinant coccidioidal antigen chitinase-1 [rCTS1]<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub>) at 5 final well concentrations (1 \u00b5g\/mL, 10 \u00b5g\/mL, 25 \u00b5g\/mL, 50 \u00b5g\/mL, and 75 \u00b5g\/mL) with incubation times of 12 hours and 24 hours. A validated feline-specific, multiplex bead\u2013based assay was used to measure 10 cytokines in cell culture supernatant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Supernatant concentrations of IL-1\u03b2 increased when stimulated with rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub> for 12 hours at 50 \u00b5g\/mL (274.4 pg\/mL; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .02) and 75 \u00b5g\/mL (298.4 pg\/mL; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .003) compared to control (PBS; 102.9 pg\/mL). Similarly, IL-1\u03b2 concentrations increased after exposure to rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub> for 24 hours at 50 \u00b5g\/mL (340.3 pg\/mL) and 75 \u00b5g\/mL (364.8 pg\/mL) compared to control (110.5 pg\/mL; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04). Production of IL-1\u03b2 was greater when whole blood was stimulated with rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub> at 1 \u00b5g\/mL for 24 hours (237.0 pg\/mL) compared with 12 hours (116.8 pg\/mL; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04). No other differences in cytokine concentrations were identified at either incubation time or rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub> concentration compared to control.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exposure of whole blood to rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub> increases production of IL1\u03b2 in healthy cats. Incubation time and rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub> concentration did not seem to impact production of most cytokines in this study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results provide information on rCTS1<jats:sub>105\u2013310<\/jats:sub>-stimulated cytokine concentrations in healthy cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T15:28:09Z","timestamp":1741188489000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ex vivo coccidioidal antigen chitinase-1 stimulation increases production of interleukin-1\u03b2 in healthy cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Danielle","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared A.","family":"Jaffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Shubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D. L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, BIO5 Institute, Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Bolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Sponsored Programs, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay V.","family":"Menghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Benecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"226","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats: a review","volume":"44","author":"Graupmann-Kuzma A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Graupmann-Kuzma A, Valentine BA, Shubitz LF, Dial SM, Watrous B, Tornquist SJ. 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