{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T21:58:31Z","timestamp":1789250311511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate plume composition during simulated diode laser equine upper airway surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 980-nm diode laser fiber was applied in continuous-wave mode in contact with laryngeal and pharyngeal tissues of 6 equine cadaver heads, and resultant plumes were collected for analysis. Measured parameters included the real-time concentration of particulate matter under the size of 2.5 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Visible smoke was encountered during surgical laser application and plume collection. Diode laser median activation time was 326 seconds (IQR, 116 to 387 seconds), and median energy was 8,099 J (IQR, 2,721 to 9,110 J). Mean real-time PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations during laser procedures exceeded 5 mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> throughout. Organic carbon concentrations were much higher than EC concentrations in the surgical plume, with a median OC\/EC ratio of 422. Fifty-five individual VOCs were identified. All measured surgical plume components were higher than control samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The evaluation of surgical plumes collected during simulated upper airway diode laser surgery revealed high levels of harmful fine particulate matter PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exceeding Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards. Increased OC and OC\/EC ratio were also observed. Surgical plumes contained VOCs, including the known carcinogenic compounds benzene and toluene.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These data suggest the need for mitigation strategies, such as specialized masks or local exhaust ventilation, to decrease the exposure of personnel to plumes generated during equine upper airway laser surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T20:38:42Z","timestamp":1738874322000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Equine upper airway laser surgery generates plumes containing hazardous components"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Kelsea A.","family":"Sholty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsineh","family":"Hecobian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy P.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Collett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-2995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Drew W.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-9585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eileen S.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1868","article-title":"Transendoscopic, laser-assisted ventriculocordectomy for treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in horses: 22 cases (1999\u20132005)","volume":"231","author":"Henderson CE","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henderson CE, Sullins KE, Brown JA. 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