{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T13:40:04Z","timestamp":1751463604310,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the sublingual microcirculation in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) and lidocaine (LID).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>16 horses undergoing arthroscopy were included in a blind, randomized study comparing 2 groups: a DEX group (DEX-LID; 1.75 \u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> with a LID bolus of 1.3 mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> followed by a continuous infusion of 0.05 mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and a LID-only group (LID; at the same dose). Hemodynamic variables, including mean, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure; heart rate; capnography; blood gas analysis; blood lactate; and orthogonal polarization spectral imaging were measured. Measurements were taken before infusion and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after infusion initiation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No differences were observed in microcirculation variables between the groups. At 60 minutes, the total vessel density was 18.73 \u00b1 0.97, the microvascular flow index 3.59 \u00b1 0.39, and the De Backer score 12.4 \u00b1 0.95 in the DEX-LID group. The total vessel density was 20.15 \u00b1 2.23, microvascular flow index 3.62 \u00b1 0.5, and De Backer score 13.41 \u00b1 2.32 for the LID group. Notably, 5 of 8 horses in the LID group required ephedrine for hypotension management (mean arterial pressure &lt; 65 mm Hg), whereas none in the DEX-LID group did.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The combination of DEX and LID during isoflurane anesthesia provided stable hemodynamic conditions during arthroscopic surgery in horses without adversely affecting sublingual microcirculation or recovery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings support that the combination of DEX and LID maintains hemodynamic variables during surgery without compromising microcirculation function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T17:34:34Z","timestamp":1744652074000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sublingual microcirculation in isoflurane-anesthetized horses receiving dexmedetomidine and lidocaine constant rate infusion"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"La\u00eds L.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri F.","family":"Vicentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio K.","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson F.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco A. 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C.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise T.","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"821","article-title":"Comparison of circulatory and respiratory effects of isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in horses","volume":"41","author":"Steffey EP","year":"1980","unstructured":"Steffey EP, Howland D. Comparison of circulatory and respiratory effects of isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in horses. 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