{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T05:33:20Z","timestamp":1740807200904,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiologic findings in the treatment of live oligotrophic and pseudoarthrosis nonunions in cats using a linear external fixator.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study included 10 cats of various breeds, ages, and sexes that had previously undergone osteosynthesis at another clinic but did not achieve successful results. These cats were diagnosed with nonunion based on clinical and radiographic examinations conducted at the Clinic of the Surgery Department, Siirt University Animal Health Practice and Research Hospital between 2022 and 2023. All included cats presented with clinical and radiographic signs of nonunion fractures. The fractures were categorized as oligotrophic or pseudoarthrosis types of nonunion, requiring further surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All 10 cats recovered successfully without severe complications. Bone healing was completed within an average of 57.8 days, ranging from 47 to 71 days.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study highlights the effectiveness of linear external fixation in treating nonunion fractures in cats. The method demonstrated a high success rate, with all cases recovering fully.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tailoring the treatment to the animal's size, fracture location, and nonunion classification makes this approach a valuable clinical tool for veterinarians managing such cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T16:10:22Z","timestamp":1737994222000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment of nonunion cases with linear external fixation in cats: 10 cases (2022\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"G\u00fclaydin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Orthop Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Effect of mechanical strain on cells involved in fracture healing","volume":"13","author":"Duan ZW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan ZW, Lu H. Effect of mechanical strain on cells involved in fracture healing. Orthop Surg. 2021;13(2):369\u2013375."},{"issue":"7","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Delayed union, non-union and mal-union in 442 dogs","volume":"51","author":"Marshall WG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marshall WG, Filliquist B, Tzimtzimis E, et al. Delayed union, non-union and mal-union in 442 dogs. Vet Surg. 2022;51(7):1087\u20131095. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13880"},{"issue":"7","key":"B3","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"865","article-title":"In vivo models of bone repair","volume":"94","author":"Mills LA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mills LA, Simpson AHRW. In vivo models of bone repair. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(7):865\u2013874."},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"123","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of atrophic\/oligotrophic non-unions in dogs and cats treated with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation: 19 cases (2014\u20132021)","author":"Camilletti P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camilletti P, d\u2019Amato M. Long-term outcomes of atrophic\/oligotrophic non-unions in dogs and cats treated with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation: 19 cases (2014\u20132021). J Small Anim Pract. 2023(2):123\u2013131. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13681"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases","volume":"32","author":"Blaeser LL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blaeser LL, Gallagher JG, Boudrieau RJ. Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases. Vet Surg. 2003;32(1):91\u2013100."},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"Int J Appl Res Vet Med","first-page":"209","article-title":"Incidence of nonunion in long bone fractures in 233 cats","volume":"4","author":"McCartney WT","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCartney WT, Sao C, MacDonald BJ. Incidence of nonunion in long bone fractures in 233 cats. Int J Appl Res Vet Med. 2006;4(3):209\u2013212."},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"297","article-title":"Treatment of antebrachial and crural septic nonunion fractures in dogs using circular external skeletal fixation: a retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"Cappellari F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cappellari F, Piras L, Panichi E, Ferretti A, Peirone B. Treatment of antebrachial and crural septic nonunion fractures in dogs using circular external skeletal fixation: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2014;27(4):297\u2013305."},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"243","article-title":"Bone plate fixation of distal radius and ulna fractures in small- and miniature-breed dogs","volume":"35","author":"Larsen LJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Larsen LJ, Roush JK, McLaughlin RM. Bone plate fixation of distal radius and ulna fractures in small- and miniature-breed dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1999;35(3):243\u2013250."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Disease Mechanism \u0130n Small Animal Surgery","first-page":"678","author":"Bojrab JM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bojrab JM, Wiegel J. Disease Mechanism \u0130n Small Animal Surgery. Lea & Febiger; 1993:678\u2013685."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Small Animal Orthopedics","first-page":"146","article-title":"Bone grafting","author":"Johnson AL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson AL. Bone grafting. In: Olmstead ML, ed. Small Animal Orthopedics. Mosby; 1995:146\u2013151."},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim","first-page":"98","article-title":"Delayed and nonunion fractures","volume":"7","author":"Robello GT","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robello GT, Aron DN. Delayed and nonunion fractures. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim. 1992;7(1):98\u2013104."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Global J Vet Care Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bone graft as an adjunctive treatment for delayed union and nonunion of fractures in dogs: systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Mu\u00f1oz JWP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz JWP, Machado TF, da Luz SG, Bello J, Ricci EL, Corr\u00eaa LT, Fukushima AR. Bone graft as an adjunctive treatment for delayed union and nonunion of fractures in dogs: systematic review. Global J Vet Care Res. 2020;2:1\u20137."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Fracture nonunion in long bones: a literature review of risk factors and surgical management","volume":"52","author":"Nicholson JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholson JA, Makaram N, Simpson A, Keating JF. Fracture nonunion in long bones: a literature review of risk factors and surgical management. Injury. 2021;52(suppl 2):S3\u2013S11."},{"issue":"11","key":"B14","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"677","article-title":"Large segmental radius and ulna defect treated by bone transportation with the Ilizarov technique","volume":"81","author":"Rahal SC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rahal SC, Volpi RS, Vulcano LC, Ciani RB, Mannarino R. Large segmental radius and ulna defect treated by bone transportation with the Ilizarov technique. Aust Vet J. 2003;81(11):677\u2013680. doi:10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb12536.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B15","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Diaphyseal long bone nonunions\u2014types, aetiology, economics, and treatment recommendations","volume":"42","author":"Rupp M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rupp M, Biehl C, Budak M, Thormann U, Heiss C, Alt V. Diaphyseal long bone nonunions\u2014types, aetiology, economics, and treatment recommendations. Int Orthop. 2018;42(2):247\u2013258."},{"issue":"3","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"159","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of bone reconstruction surgery with frozen cortical bone allografts for nonunion of radial and ulnar fractures in toy breed dogs","volume":"31","author":"Munakata S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munakata S, Nagahiro Y, Katori D, et al. Clinical efficacy of bone reconstruction surgery with frozen cortical bone allografts for nonunion of radial and ulnar fractures in toy breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018;31(3):159\u2013169. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1631878"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Ankara \u00dcniv Vet Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi","first-page":"89","article-title":"Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator","volume":"71","author":"G\u00fclayd\u0131n A","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00fclayd\u0131n A, Alkan \u0130. Evaluation of distal femur fractures in cats by hybrid external fixator. Ankara \u00dcniv Vet Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi. 2024;71(1):89\u2013100."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"189","article-title":"Evaluation of sixty-eight cases of fracture stabilisation by external hybrid fixation and a proposal for hybrid construct classification","volume":"10","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Heras M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Heras M, Rovesti GL, Nocco G, et al. Evaluation of sixty-eight cases of fracture stabilisation by external hybrid fixation and a proposal for hybrid construct classification. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:189. doi:10.1186\/s12917-014-0189-4"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Braz J Vet Med","first-page":"e003322","article-title":"Successful outcome of distal radius non-union after open fracture osteomyelitis treated by external fixation and bone grafting in a cat: case report","volume":"44","author":"Garnoeva R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garnoeva R, Roydev R, Halil M. Successful outcome of distal radius non-union after open fracture osteomyelitis treated by external fixation and bone grafting in a cat: case report. Braz J Vet Med. 2022;44:e003322."},{"issue":"4","key":"B20","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"194","article-title":"Management of 49 antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs using circular external fixators","volume":"48","author":"Rovesti GL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rovesti GL, Bosio A, Marcellin-Little DJ. Management of 49 antebrachial and crural fractures in dogs using circular external fixators. J Small Anim Pract. 2007;48(4):194\u2013200."},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"153","article-title":"Outcome of nonunion fractures in dogs treated with fixation, compression resistant matrix, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"30","author":"Massie AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massie AM, Kapatkin AS, Fuller MC, Verstraete FJM, Arzi B. Outcome of nonunion fractures in dogs treated with fixation, compression resistant matrix, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2017;30(2):153\u2013159."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Small Animal Orthopedics","first-page":"277","article-title":"Malunion, delayed union, and nonunion","author":"Betts CW","year":"1995","unstructured":"Betts CW. Malunion, delayed union, and nonunion. In: Olmstead ML, ed. Small Animal Orthopedics. Mosby; 1995, p. 277\u2013291."},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"745","article-title":"Delayed unions and nonunions. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Sumner-Smith G","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sumner-Smith G. Delayed unions and nonunions. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1991;21(4):745\u2013760."},{"issue":"5","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"364","article-title":"Treatment of long bone fractures in calves with Ilizarov external fixator","volume":"31","author":"G\u00fclayd\u0131n A","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00fclayd\u0131n A, Sarierler M. Treatment of long bone fractures in calves with Ilizarov external fixator. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018;31(5):364\u2013372."},{"issue":"3","key":"B25","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"124","article-title":"Use of the Ilizarov method to manage a septic tibial fracture nonunion with a large cortical defect","volume":"41","author":"Owen MA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Owen MA. Use of the Ilizarov method to manage a septic tibial fracture nonunion with a large cortical defect. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41(3):124\u2013127."},{"issue":"2","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"134","article-title":"Bone transport osteogenesis for treatment of canine osteomyelitis: a report of two cases","volume":"23","author":"Ting D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ting D, Petersen SW, D\u00e9jardin LM. Bone transport osteogenesis for treatment of canine osteomyelitis: a report of two cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2010;23(2):134\u2013140."},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"J Orthop Trauma","first-page":"156","article-title":"Single-stage surgical treatment of infected nonunion of the distal tibia","volume":"25","author":"Wu CC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu CC. Single-stage surgical treatment of infected nonunion of the distal tibia. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(3):156\u2013161."},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Welch RD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Welch RD, Lewis DD. Distraction osteogenesis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1999;29(5):1187\u20131205."},{"issue":"1","key":"B29","series-title":"Osteol Rheumatol Open J","first-page":"7","article-title":"Bone grafting, its principle and application: a review","volume":"3","author":"Fesseha H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fesseha H, Fesseha Y. Bone grafting, its principle and application: a review. Osteol Rheumatol Open J. 2020;3(1):7\u201314."},{"issue":"5","key":"B30","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"446","article-title":"Limb lengthening in three dogs using distraction rates without a latency period. Radius\/ulna, tibia, femur","volume":"21","author":"McCartney WT","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCartney WT. Limb lengthening in three dogs using distraction rates without a latency period. Radius\/ulna, tibia, femur. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008;21(5):446\u2013450."},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","series-title":"J Orthop Surg","first-page":"273","article-title":"Acute compression and lengthening by the Ilizarov technique for infected nonunion of the tibia with large bone defects","volume":"14","author":"Magadum MP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Magadum MP, Basavaraj Yadav CM, Phaneesha MS, et al. Acute compression and lengthening by the Ilizarov technique for infected nonunion of the tibia with large bone defects. J Orthop Surg. 2006;14(1):273\u2013279. doi:10.1177\/230949900601400308"},{"issue":"1","key":"B32","series-title":"Int J Nurs Pract","first-page":"89","article-title":"The effect of long-term care and follow-up on complications in patients with external fixators","volume":"20","author":"Cam R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cam R, Korkmaz FD. The effect of long-term care and follow-up on complications in patients with external fixators. Int J Nurs Pract. 2014;20(1):89\u201396."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/3\/ajvr.24.11.0350.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/3\/ajvr.24.11.0350.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/3\/ajvr.24.11.0350.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T13:42:40Z","timestamp":1740750160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/3\/ajvr.24.11.0350.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0350","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5681"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}