{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:44:13Z","timestamp":1773967453279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Enhancing ventilatory effort during pulmonary function testing can help reveal flow limitations not evident in normal tidal breathing. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of using a CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gas mixture to enhance tidal breathing with a barometric whole-body plethysmography system in both healthy cats and those with feline lower airway disease (FLAD).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This prospective study included healthy cats and those with FLAD, which underwent pulmonary function testing and were exposed to a 10% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/90% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gas mixture in a barometric whole-body plethysmography chamber, with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations maintained within the target range of 5% to 10%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 10 healthy cats and 15 FLAD cats were included. In healthy cats, tidal volume, minute volume, peak inspiratory flow, and peak expiratory flow per kilogram body weight increased significantly by medians of 4.3-, 3.5-, 3.1-, and 4.0-fold, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .005). Cats with FLAD showed similar results, with 4.1-, 3.2-, 2.8-, and 3.7-fold increases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Respiratory rate decreased in both healthy (52 to 40 breaths\/min; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .005) and FLAD cats (57 to 45 breaths\/min; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04) after CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> enhancement. All cats tolerated the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gas mixture well, with recovery within 60 to 120 seconds after returning to room air.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gas mixture successfully enhanced ventilatory variables in tidal breathing analysis and showed good tolerability in both healthy and FLAD cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This approach provides a practical option for short-term breathing effort enhancement in cats for clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T16:10:28Z","timestamp":1737994228000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced breathing effort in pulmonary function tests by CO2\/O2 gas mixture and barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy and feline lower airway disease cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3366-9046","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Tao","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5769-9588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pei-Ying","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-0384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huey-Dong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0595-3420","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Animal Resource Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5276-3179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chung-Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Animal Resource Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"258","article-title":"Correlation of bronchoalveolar eosinophilic percentage with airway responsiveness in cats with chronic bronchial disease","volume":"54","author":"Allerton FJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allerton FJ, Leemans J, Tual C, Bernaerts F, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Correlation of bronchoalveolar eosinophilic percentage with airway responsiveness in cats with chronic bronchial disease. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(5):258\u2013264. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12070"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"54","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine 5\u2019-monophosphate in feline chronic inflammatory lower airway disease","volume":"187","author":"Hirt RA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hirt RA, Galler A, Shibly S, Bilek A. Airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine 5\u2019-monophosphate in feline chronic inflammatory lower airway disease. Vet J. 2011;187(1):54\u201359. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.10.007"},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"494","article-title":"Pulmonary function in obese vs non-obese cats","volume":"17","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guasch L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Guasch L, Caro-Vadillo A, Manubens-Grau J, Carret\u00f3n E, Camacho AA, Montoya-Alonso JA. Pulmonary function in obese vs non-obese cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(6):494\u2013499. doi:10.1177\/1098612X14548786"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"254","article-title":"Evaluation of pulmonary function variables by using plethysmography in cats with respiratory disease associated to dirofilaria immitis","volume":"187","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guasch L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Guasch L, Caro-Vadillo A, Manubens-Grau J, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary function variables by using plethysmography in cats with respiratory disease associated to dirofilaria immitis. Vet Parasitol. 2012;187(1\u20132):254\u2013258. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.013"},{"issue":"10","key":"B5","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0276927","article-title":"Evaluation of barometric whole-body plethysmography for therapy monitoring in cats with feline lower airway disease","volume":"17","author":"Gareis H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gareis H, H\u00f6rner-Schmid L, Zablotski Y, Pali\u0107 J, Schulz B. Evaluation of barometric whole-body plethysmography for therapy monitoring in cats with feline lower airway disease. PLoS One. 2022;17(10):e0276927. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0276927"},{"issue":"8","key":"B6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"616","article-title":"Functional assessment of expiratory flow pattern in feline lower airway disease","volume":"16","author":"Lin CH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin CH, Lee JJ, Liu CH. Functional assessment of expiratory flow pattern in feline lower airway disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(8):616\u2013622. doi:10.1177\/1098612X13515461"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"88","article-title":"Functional phenotype and its correlation with therapeutic response and inflammatory type of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in feline lower airway disease","volume":"29","author":"Lin CH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin CH, Wu HD, Lee JJ, Liu CH. Functional phenotype and its correlation with therapeutic response and inflammatory type of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in feline lower airway disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(1):88\u201396. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12494"},{"issue":"3 pt 1","key":"B8","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"766","article-title":"Noninvasive measurement of airway responsiveness in allergic mice using barometric plethysmography","volume":"156","author":"Hamelmann E","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hamelmann E, Schwarze J, Takeda K, et al. Noninvasive measurement of airway responsiveness in allergic mice using barometric plethysmography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(3 pt 1):766\u2013775. doi:10.1164\/ajrccm.156.3.9606031"},{"issue":"12","key":"B9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Airway reactivity measured by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy cats","volume":"60","author":"Hoffman AM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoffman AM, Dhupa N, Cimetti L. Airway reactivity measured by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60(12):1487\u20131492. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.12.1487"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"67","article-title":"Evaluation of respiratory function by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy dogs","volume":"172","author":"Talavera J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Talavera J, Kirschvink N, Schuller S, et al. Evaluation of respiratory function by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy dogs. Vet J. 2006;172(1):67\u201377. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.04.019"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Further exploration of the Penh parameter","volume":"57","author":"Lomask M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lomask M. Further exploration of the Penh parameter. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2006;57(suppl 2):13\u201320. doi:10.1016\/j.etp.2006.02.014"},{"issue":"4","key":"B12","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"237","article-title":"Pulmonary function testing in small animals","volume":"14","author":"Rozanski EA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rozanski EA, Hoffman AM. Pulmonary function testing in small animals. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 1999;14(4):237\u2013241. doi:10.1016\/S1096-2867(99)80017-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"J Hell Vet Med Soc","first-page":"101","article-title":"First case reported of bronchoconstriction in feline aelurostrongylosis by using barometric whole-body plethysmography","volume":"66","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guasch L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Guasch L, Manubens J, Laporta M, Carret\u00f3n E, Montoya-Alonso JA. First case reported of bronchoconstriction in feline aelurostrongylosis by using barometric whole-body plethysmography. J Hell Vet Med Soc. 2015;66(2):101\u2013105. doi:10.12681\/jhvms.15615"},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1718","article-title":"Assessing breathing effort by barometric whole-body plethysmography and its relationship with prognosis in client-owned cats with respiratory distress","volume":"38","author":"Chang WT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang WT, Lin CH, Chang CH, Lo PY, Chen HW, Wu HD. Assessing breathing effort by barometric whole-body plethysmography and its relationship with prognosis in client-owned cats with respiratory distress. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(3):1718\u20131724. doi:10.1111\/jvim.17069"},{"issue":"12","key":"B15","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"1304","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children","volume":"175","author":"Beydon N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beydon N, Davis SD, Lombardi E, et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(12):1304\u20131345. doi:10.1164\/rccm.200605-642ST"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Textbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats","first-page":"157","article-title":"Pulmonary mechanics","author":"Dye JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dye JA, Costa DL. Pulmonary mechanics. In: King LG, ed. Textbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats. Saunders; 2004:157\u2013175."},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Eur Respir J","first-page":"2101499","article-title":"ERS\/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests","volume":"60","author":"Stanojevic S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller MR, et al. ERS\/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(1):2101499. doi:10.1183\/13993003.01499-2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"B18","series-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","first-page":"1870","article-title":"Forced expiration: a test for airflow obstruction in horses","volume":"88","author":"Cou\u00ebtil LL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cou\u00ebtil LL, Rosenthal FS, Simpson CM. Forced expiration: a test for airflow obstruction in horses. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;88(5):1870\u20131879. doi:10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.5.1870"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"23","article-title":"The effect of CO2 on tidal breathing flow volume (TBFVL) loops in conscious cats","author":"McKiernan BC","year":"1989","unstructured":"McKiernan BC, Rozanski EA, Jones SE. The effect of CO2 on tidal breathing flow volume (TBFVL) loops in conscious cats. In: Proceedings of the 8th Comparative Respiratory Symposium. Veterinary Comparative Respiratory Society; 1989:23."},{"issue":"10","key":"B20","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"761","article-title":"Simultaneous visual inspection for barometric whole-body plethysmography waveforms during pulmonary function testing in client-owned cats","volume":"18","author":"Lin CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin CH, Wu HD, Lo PY, Lee JJ, Liu CH. Simultaneous visual inspection for barometric whole-body plethysmography waveforms during pulmonary function testing in client-owned cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18(10):761\u2013767. doi:10.1177\/1098612X15592662"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Non-invasive forced expiratory flow-volume curves to measure lung function in cats","volume":"155","author":"Bark H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bark H, Epstein A, Bar-Yishay E, Putilov A, Godfrey S. Non-invasive forced expiratory flow-volume curves to measure lung function in cats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007;155(1):49\u201354. doi:10.1016\/j.resp.2006.03.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"B22","series-title":"Arch Bronconeumol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Advances in the study of infant lung function: forced expiratory maneuvers from an increased lung volume","volume":"43","author":"Mallol J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mallol J, Aguirre V. Advances in the study of infant lung function: forced expiratory maneuvers from an increased lung volume. Arch Bronconeumol. 2007;43(4):233\u2013238. doi:10.1157\/13100543"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Bilateral recurrent laryngeal neurectomy as a model for the study of idiopathic canine laryngeal paralysis","volume":"38","author":"Greenfield CL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Greenfield CL, Alsup JC, Hungerford LL, McKiernan BC. Bilateral recurrent laryngeal neurectomy as a model for the study of idiopathic canine laryngeal paralysis. Can Vet J. 1997;38(3):163\u2013167."},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"217","article-title":"Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs","volume":"193","author":"Manens J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manens J, Bolognin M, Bernaerts F, Diez M, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs. Vet J. 2012;193(1):217\u2013221. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.10.013"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Respiratory Physiology: the Essentials","author":"West JB","year":"2008","unstructured":"West JB. Respiratory Physiology: the Essentials. Lippincort Williams and Wilkins; 2008."},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"632","article-title":"Identification and characterization of an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-like condition in cats","volume":"18","author":"Cohn LA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohn LA, Norris CR, Hawkins EC, Dye JA, Johnson CA, Williams KJ. Identification and characterization of an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-like condition in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(5):632\u2013641. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2004)18<632:IACOAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"480","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and radiographic features in 33 cats with aspiration and 26 cats with bronchopneumonia (2007-2017)","volume":"35","author":"Dear JD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dear JD, Vernau W, Johnson EG, Hulsebosch SE, Johnson LR. Clinicopathologic and radiographic features in 33 cats with aspiration and 26 cats with bronchopneumonia (2007-2017). J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):480\u2013489. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16005"},{"issue":"12","key":"B28","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of pleural effusion in cats","volume":"21","author":"K\u00f6nig A","year":"2019","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig A, Hartmann K, Mueller RS, Wess G, Schulz BS. Retrospective analysis of pleural effusion in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2019;21(12):1102\u20131110. doi:10.1177\/1098612X18816489"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"55","article-title":"Interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats part II: known cause and other discrete forms","volume":"243","author":"Reinero C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinero C. Interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats part II: known cause and other discrete forms. Vet J. 2019;243:55\u201364. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.11.011"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/4\/ajvr.24.11.0356.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/4\/ajvr.24.11.0356.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/4\/ajvr.24.11.0356.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T13:12:37Z","timestamp":1743513157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/4\/ajvr.24.11.0356.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0356","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}