{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:30:18Z","timestamp":1781850618095,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nObjective<\/jats:title>\nTo compare the sedative effects of intranasal (IN) alfaxalone to IM alfaxalone with or without IM midazolam in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nA prospective, blinded, crossover study was performed on 8 healthy male cockatiels from February through April 2021. Birds randomly received 4 treatments with at least a 1-week washout period: alfaxalone at 15 mg\/kg, IN (IN-A); alfaxalone at 15 mg\/kg, IM, with (IM-AM) or without (IM-A) midazolam at 3 mg\/kg, IM; and midazolam at 3 mg\/kg, IM (IM-M). Time to recumbency and heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Ten minutes following administration, birds were restrained for sham 2-view radiographs and venipuncture. Following venipuncture, flumazenil at 0.1 mg\/kg, IM, was administered (IM-AM and IM-M). Time to standing was recorded. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model, a mixed effects \u03b3-regression model, and Cochran Q, Friedman, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nNo sedative effects were observed in IN-A. Recumbency was achieved in 0\/8, 5\/8, 8\/8, and 0\/8 birds in IN-A, IM-A, IM-AM, and IM-M, respectively. Respiratory and heart rates remained within acceptable limits in all birds. Sham radiographs were acquired in 0\/8, 1\/8, 6\/8, and 0\/8 birds in IN-A, IM-A, IM-AM, and IM-M, respectively. Venipuncture was successful in all birds with median lactate concentrations of 4.9, 2.4, 1.0, and 1.8 mmol\/L in IN-A, IM-A, IM-AM, and IM-M, respectively. Median (range) time to standing after handling in IM-A and IM-AM was 8.8 (0 to 15.0) and 14.5 (0.6 to 15.5) min, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nIntranasal alfaxalone at 15 mg\/kg did not produce sedation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nClinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\nIntramuscular alfaxalone at 15 mg\/kg with midazolam at 3 mg\/kg produced sedation in cockatiels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.11.0361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T13:01:59Z","timestamp":1743685319000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intranasal alfaxalone in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) does not produce sedation compared to intramuscular alfaxalone with or without midazolam"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2249-0904","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Petritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Cassady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Balko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Physiologic responses of Amazon parrots (Amazona species) to manual restraint","volume":"18","author":"Greenacre CB","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greenacre CB, Lusby AL. 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