{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:53:22Z","timestamp":1787025202957,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Salmonellosis is a significant public health threat responsible for millions of human cases annually but is also of significance to domestic and wild animals around the globe. While human infections are often foodborne, an increasing number of cases arise from environmental sources and contact with animals, including wild birds. Understanding the persistence of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in shared environments is critical for mitigating zoonotic transmission risks and understanding transmission dynamics for pets and free-living wildlife. Two experiments were conducted to investigate\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    persistence on surfaces relevant to wild bird-people interactions. One was a controlled experiment to compare the persistence of an avian-derived\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium isolate on bird feeders made of different materials. A total of 9 (7%) swabs were culture positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Although there was no statistical difference in prevalence rates and persistence,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was primarily reisolated from plastic feeders. The second experiment investigated the prevalence and persistence of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    on picnic tables in a South Florida park that were contaminated with bird feces.\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence on the picnic tables was 27%. When tracking fecal piles over time, 33% to 42% of fecal piles were\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    culture positive for 1 to 4 days. A total of 13 to 14 serotypes were detected, of which 5 serovars are in the top 20 for human infections. Our trials indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    can persist on bird feeders and picnic tables and precautionary measures should be adopted to reduce exposure. The companion Currents in One Health by Seixas et al,\n                    <jats:italic>JAVMA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , forthcoming 2025, addresses in-depth information about\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    epidemiology in free-living birds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.12.0397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T14:48:25Z","timestamp":1744901305000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Salmonella environmental persistence informs management relevant to avian and public health"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Sieverts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Norfolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki W.","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Locklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin K.","family":"Lipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Yabsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"50882","article-title":"The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, et al. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(6):50882\u201350889. doi:10.1086\/650733"},{"key":"B2","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salmonella. CDC. 2024. Accessed November 7, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"64","article-title":"Epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in passerine birds in Norway","volume":"39","author":"Refsum T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Refsum T, Vik\u00f8ren T, Handeland K, Kapperud G, Holstad G. Epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in passerine birds in Norway. 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Mass mortality of Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) from Salmonella Typhimurium DT40 in Japan, winter 2008\u201309. J Wildl Dis. 2014;50(3):484\u2013495. doi:10.7589\/2012-12-321"},{"issue":"22","key":"B6","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"6728","article-title":"Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from wild passerines in England and Wales","volume":"82","author":"Mather AE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mather AE, Lawson B, de Pinna E, et al. Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from wild passerines in England and Wales. 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Survival of Salmonella enterica in military low-moisture food products during long-term storage at 4, 25, and 40 \u00b0C. J Food Prot. 2022;85(4):544\u2013552. doi:10.4315\/JFP-21-321"},{"issue":"11","key":"B17","series-title":"J Food Prot","first-page":"100159","article-title":"Soil microclimate and persistence of foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica Newport in soil affected by mulch type","volume":"86","author":"Micallef SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Micallef SA, Callahan MT, McEgan R, Martinez L. Soil microclimate and persistence of foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica Newport in soil affected by mulch type. 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Sem Av Exot Med. 2004;13:50\u201366. doi:10.1053\/j.saep.2004.01.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"B20","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"585","article-title":"Avian wildlife mortality events due to salmonellosis in the United States, 1985\u20132004","volume":"44","author":"Hall AJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hall AJ, Saito EK. Avian wildlife mortality events due to salmonellosis in the United States, 1985\u20132004. J Wildl Dis. 2008;44(3):585\u2013593. doi:10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.585"},{"issue":"11","key":"B21","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"5600","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: comparison of isolates from avian wildlife, domestic animals, and the environment in Norway","volume":"68","author":"Refsum T","year":"2002","unstructured":"Refsum T, Heir E, Kapperud G, Vardund T, Holstad G. 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