{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T04:10:06Z","timestamp":1746245406833,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nObjective<\/jats:title>\nTo evaluate the manubrium tracheal index (M-TI) at 3 levels and the correlation between M-TI and other conventional techniques.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nMedical records and thoracic radiographs of healthy bulldogs were investigated. Tracheal luminal diameter (TLD) was measured at the caudal cervical, thoracic inlet, and intrathoracic tracheal regions on right lateral thoracic view. The absolute and average TLDs were standardized by the manubrium length (ML), thoracic inlet distance (Ti-D), and proximal third rib width to calculate M-TI, thoracic inlet tracheal index (Ti-TI), and proximal rib3 tracheal score (PR3-TS), respectively. Correlations between averaged tracheal diameter and each of ML, Ti-D, and proximal third rib width and between M-TI and each of Ti-TI and PR3-TS were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\n100 healthy French (n = 34), English (n = 33), and American (n = 33) Bulldogs met the inclusion criteria. The narrowest tracheal diameter was identified at the thoracic inlet, which was significantly narrower than both the caudal cervical and intrathoracic tracheal regions. There was no significant difference between the caudal cervical and intrathoracic tracheal regions. Strong, positive, linear correlations were identified between TLD and each normalizing parameter (ie, ML, Ti-D, and PR3-TS). Weak-to-moderate correlations were identified between the 3 procedures (ie, M-TI, Ti-TI, and PR3-TS).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nM-TI could be an alternative to Ti-TI and PR3-TS for monitoring TLD in bulldogs. Therefore, future screening for tracheal hypoplasia is recommended using M-TI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nClinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\nBulldogs with M-TI < 0.29 at the thoracic inlet trachea and < 0.33 at the caudal cervical and intrathoracic trachea (average M-TI < 0.32) may have tracheal hypoplasia. However, further assessments of diseased bulldogs and the repeatability of measurements are still warranted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.12.0400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T17:24:24Z","timestamp":1746206664000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Manubrium tracheal index versus thoracic inlet tracheal index and proximal rib3 tracheal score to radiographically assess bulldogs\u2019 tracheal diameter at 3 levels"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5909-8581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-8885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clifford R.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991\u20132008)","volume":"237","author":"Fasanella FJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fasanella FJ, Shivley JM, Wardlaw JL, Givaruangsawat S. 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