{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T13:10:05Z","timestamp":1746105005691,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To establish reference intervals for plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in clinically healthy African penguins and 2) to investigate GLDH activities in antemortem plasma from birds with confirmed liver disease postmortem.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this observational case-control study, the histopathological reports of all penguins (n = 12) at one zoological institution were reviewed over a 19-year period to identify birds with liver disease. A single archived plasma sample was evaluated for each of the clinically healthy birds, and 2 to 4 different time points of archived plasma samples were evaluated from the birds with liver disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of liver disease was 58% (7\/12). Histopathological findings included hemosiderosis (n = 4; 3 mild, 1 severe), hepatitis (2), metastatic neoplasia (2; melanoma, proventriculus carcinoma), hepatic necrosis (2), and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates (1). In 29 clinically healthy penguins, GLDH ranged from 0 to 12.14 U\/L (mean, 6.01; reference interval, 0 to 13.55 U\/L) without any effects from sex, age, or weight. The 4 birds with liver disease that exceeded normal GLDH activities included metastatic melanoma, necrotizing and heterophilic hepatitis, mild hepatic necrosis with sinusoidal yolk emboli and severe hemosiderosis, and severe hepatic necrosis. Glutamate dehydrogenase had positive correlations with ALT and AST in birds with liver disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Glutamate dehydrogenase appears to be a clinically useful predictor of liver disease in avians as in mammals. However, this liver biomarker is able to rule in liver disease, although it cannot definitively rule it out.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These data serve to advance the understanding of noninvasive diagnosis of liver disease in penguins, which may ultimately contribute to the advancement of care and conservation of this at-risk species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.12.0410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T12:44:13Z","timestamp":1743165853000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glutamate dehydrogenase has diagnostic utility for detecting liver disease in African penguins (Sphensicus demersus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Molly E.","family":"Martony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Care, Mystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Cray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Delmonaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Care, Mystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Care, Mystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Care, Mystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole I.","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","year":"2024","key":"B1","unstructured":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 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Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2020;13(3):413\u2013427."},{"issue":"3","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"140","article-title":"Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review","volume":"31","author":"Harr K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harr K. Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Vet Clin Pathol. 2002;31(3):140\u2013151."},{"issue":"12","key":"B5","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"465","article-title":"Clinical emzymology of the dog and cat","volume":"101","author":"Oikonomidis IL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oikonomidis IL, Milne E. Clinical emzymology of the dog and cat. 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Academic Press;1971:1085\u20131114."},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"255","article-title":"Blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds a review","volume":"9","author":"Lumeij JT","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lumeij JT, Westerhof I. Blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds a review. Vet Q. 1987;9(3):255\u2013261. doi:10.1080\/01652176.1987.9694110"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Cornell University. GLDH. eClinPath.com. Accessed September 9, 2024. https:\/\/eclinpath.com\/chemistry\/liver\/liver-injury\/glutamate-dehydrogenase\/","article-title":"GLDH"},{"issue":"22","key":"B10","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"3","article-title":"Clinical chemistry and hematology values of a captive population of Humboldt penguins (Sphenniscus humboldti)","volume":"13","author":"Leineweber C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leineweber C, Lucht M, Gohl C, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Clinical chemistry and hematology values of a captive population of Humboldt penguins (Sphenniscus humboldti). Animals. 2023;13(22):3\u201310. doi:10.3390\/ani13223570"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Establishment of baseline haematology and biochemistry parameters in wild adult African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)","volume":"86","author":"Parsons NJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parsons NJ, Schaefer AM, van der Spuy SD, Gous TA. Establishment of baseline haematology and biochemistry parameters in wild adult African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). 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