{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:19:19Z","timestamp":1790817559652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare systemic inflammatory response syndrome\u2013based (Sepsis-2) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment\u2013based (Sepsis-3) definitions of sepsis in a population of dogs admitted to a small-animal hospital ICU. A secondary objective was to determine whether fulfilment of either definition was predictive of in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective study. Clinical and clinicopathological data of 151 dogs entering an ICU at a university veterinary teaching referral hospital were prospectively collected over a total of 40 weeks, from March 1, 2020, through October 18, 2021, and used to retrospectively diagnose sepsis as per Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions. We then evaluated the ability of Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 criteria to predict in-hospital mortality in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 151 dogs admitted to the ICU during the study period, 20 dogs (13.2%) fulfilled the definition of sepsis according to Sepsis-2 criteria, whereas only 8 dogs (5.3%) met the Sepsis-3 criteria; only 2 dogs fulfilled both definitions of sepsis. All-cause in-hospital mortality of dogs fulfilling Sepsis-2, Sepsis-3, or both definitions was 40%, 62.5%, and 100%, respectively. Fulfilment of Sepsis-3 criteria was associated with a 4.6 times greater risk of in-hospital mortality compared to dogs who did not fulfill the Sepsis-3 criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 criteria identified different populations of dogs. Fulfilment of Sepsis-3 criteria was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Further studies on the application of Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions are required to further explore differences in phenotypic expression of sepsis in dogs and their impact on outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.12.0413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T11:21:11Z","timestamp":1741864871000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions in a population of dogs admitted to a referral hospital intensive care unit: preliminary observations"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-5300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Pizarro del Valle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Hospital, Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Everest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-1920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Euan D.","family":"Bennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison E.","family":"Ridyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Hospital, Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"B1","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"801","article-title":"The Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801\u2013810. doi:10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"444","article-title":"Evaluation of postceliotomy peritoneal drain fluid volume, cytology, and blood-to-peritoneal fluid lactate and glucose differences in normal dogs","volume":"40","author":"Szabo SD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szabo SD, Jermyn K, Neel J, Mathews KG. Evaluation of postceliotomy peritoneal drain fluid volume, cytology, and blood-to-peritoneal fluid lactate and glucose differences in normal dogs. Vet Surg. 2011;40(4):444\u2013449. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00799.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"68","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores in dogs with surgically treated sepsis (2011\u20132018): 204 cases","volume":"32","author":"Stastny T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stastny T, Koenigshof AM, Brado GE, Chan EK, Levy NA. Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores in dogs with surgically treated sepsis (2011\u20132018): 204 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2022;32(1):68\u201374. doi:10.1111\/vec.13101"},{"issue":"10219","key":"B4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"200","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd KE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200\u2013211. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"97","article-title":"Defining sepsis in small animals","volume":"34","author":"Cortellini S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cortellini S, DeClue AE, Giunti M, et al. Defining sepsis in small animals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2024;34(2):97\u2013109. doi:10.1111\/vec.13359"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"1250","article-title":"2001 SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS international sepsis definitions conference","volume":"31","author":"Levy MM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS international sepsis definitions conference. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1250\u20131256. doi:10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B"},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1644","article-title":"Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis","volume":"101","author":"Bone RC","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest. 1992;101(6):1644\u20131655. doi:10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"290","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"317","author":"Raith EP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, et al. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017;317(3):290\u2013300. doi:10.1001\/jama.2016.20328"},{"issue":"7","key":"B9","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prospective observational study comparing Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions in predicting mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"6","author":"Poutsiaka DD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poutsiaka DD, Porto MC, Perry WA, et al. Prospective observational study comparing Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions in predicting mortality in critically ill patients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(7):2\u20137. doi:10.1093\/ofid\/ofz271"},{"issue":"8","key":"B10","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"762","article-title":"Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Seymour CW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):762\u2013774. Published correction appears in JAMA. 2016;315(20):2237. doi:10.1001\/jama.2016.0288"},{"issue":"8","key":"B11","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd","first-page":"325","article-title":"Application of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score to predict outcome in critically ill dogs: preliminary results","volume":"154","author":"Ripanti D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ripanti D, Dino G, Farca MA. Application of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score to predict outcome in critically ill dogs: preliminary results. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2012;154(8):325\u2013330. doi:10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000356"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"208","article-title":"A comparison of the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions for assessment of mortality risk in dogs with parvovirus","volume":"33","author":"Turley K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turley K, Bracker K, Fernan C, et al. A comparison of the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions for assessment of mortality risk in dogs with parvovirus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2023;33(2):208\u2013216. doi:10.1111\/vec.13276"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Current Veterinary Therapy X","first-page":"847","article-title":"Craniocerebral trauma","author":"Shores A","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shores A. Craniocerebral trauma. In: Kirk RW, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy X. WB Saunders; 1983:847\u2013854"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1104602","article-title":"Increased thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor activity is associated with hypofibrinolysis in dogs with sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Sotos KE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sotos KE, Goggs R, Stablein AP, Brooks MB. Increased thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor activity is associated with hypofibrinolysis in dogs with sepsis. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1104602. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1104602"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2763","article-title":"Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices","volume":"35","author":"Howard J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard J, Reinero CR, Almond G, Vientos-Plotts A, Cohn LA, Grobman M. Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(6):2763\u20132771. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16310"},{"issue":"8","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"245","article-title":"Usefulness of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria as an index for prognosis judgement","volume":"150","author":"Okano S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okano S, Yoshida M, Fukushima U, Higuchi S, Takase K, Hagio M. Usefulness of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria as an index for prognosis judgement. Vet Rec. 2002;150(8):245\u2013246. doi:10.1136\/vr.150.8.245"},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","series-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep","first-page":"277","article-title":"A modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score for critical care triage","volume":"4","author":"Grissom CK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grissom CK, Brown SM, Kuttler KG, et al. A modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score for critical care triage. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010;4(4):277\u2013284. doi:10.1001\/dmp.2010.40"},{"issue":"158","key":"B18","series-title":"J Am Stat Assoc","first-page":"209","article-title":"Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference","volume":"22","author":"Wilson EB","year":"1927","unstructured":"Wilson EB. Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J Am Stat Assoc. 1927;22(158):209\u2013212. doi:10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"J Crit Care","first-page":"125","article-title":"Comparison of the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions in severely injured trauma patients","volume":"54","author":"Eriksson J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eriksson J, Eriksson M, Brattstr\u00f6m O, et al. Comparison of the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions in severely injured trauma patients. J Crit Care. 2019;54:125\u2013129. doi:10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.08.019"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"284","article-title":"Comparison the accuracy of early warning scores with qSOFA and SIRS for predicting sepsis in the emergency department","volume":"46","author":"Wattanasit P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wattanasit P, Khwannimit B. Comparison the accuracy of early warning scores with qSOFA and SIRS for predicting sepsis in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:284\u2013288. doi:10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.07.077"},{"issue":"6","key":"B21","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"661","article-title":"Application of the Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis (Sepsis-3) classification: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Donnelly JP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Donnelly JP, Safford MM, Shapiro NI, Baddley JW, Wang HE. Application of the Third International Consensus definitions for sepsis (Sepsis-3) classification: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(6):661\u2013670. doi:10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30117-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"B22","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofw207","article-title":"Sepsis incidence: a population-based study","volume":"3","author":"Mellhammar L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mellhammar L, Wullt S, Lindberg \u00c5, Lanbeck P, Christensson B, Linder A. Sepsis incidence: a population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(4):ofw207. doi:10.1093\/ofid\/ofw207"},{"issue":"17","key":"B23","series-title":"New Engl J Med","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis","volume":"372","author":"Kaukonen KM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. New Engl J Med. 2015;372(17):1629\u20131638. doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa1415236"},{"issue":"9","key":"B24","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"1258","article-title":"A comparison of Sepsis-2 (systemic inflammatory response syndrome based) to Sepsis-3 (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment based) definitions\u2014a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"48","author":"Engoren M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Engoren M, Seelhammer T, Freundlich RE, Maile MD, Sigakis MJG, Schwann TA. A comparison of Sepsis-2 (systemic inflammatory response syndrome based) to Sepsis-3 (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment based) definitions\u2014a multicenter retrospective study. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(9):1258\u20131264. doi:10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004449"},{"issue":"20","key":"B25","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis","volume":"321","author":"Seymour CW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seymour CW, Kennedy JN, Wang S, et al. Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis. JAMA. 2019;321(20):2003\u20132017. doi:10.1001\/jama.2019.5791"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"794423","article-title":"Identification of clinical phenotypes in septic patients presenting with hypotension or elevated lactate","volume":"9","author":"Aldewereld ZT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aldewereld ZT, Zhang LA, Urbano A, et al. Identification of clinical phenotypes in septic patients presenting with hypotension or elevated lactate. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:794423. doi:10.3389\/fmed.2022.794423"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"6234","article-title":"Identification of a hyperinflammatory sepsis phenotype using protein biomarker and clinical data in the ProCESS randomized trial","volume":"14","author":"DeMerle KM","year":"2024","unstructured":"DeMerle KM, Kennedy JN, Chang CCH, et al. Identification of a hyperinflammatory sepsis phenotype using protein biomarker and clinical data in the ProCESS randomized trial. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):6234. doi:10.1038\/s41598-024-55667-5"},{"issue":"8","key":"B28","series-title":"Crit Care Explor","first-page":"e0955","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of sepsis in a cohort of hospitalized patients according to infection site","volume":"5","author":"Schertz AR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schertz AR, Eisner AE, Smith SA, Lenoir KM, Thomas KW. Clinical phenotypes of sepsis in a cohort of hospitalized patients according to infection site. Crit Care Explor. 2023;5(8):e0955. doi:10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000955"},{"issue":"10","key":"B29","series-title":"J Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Variation in SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score performance in different infectious states","volume":"36","author":"Pawar RD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pawar RD, Shih JA, Balaji L, et al. Variation in SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score performance in different infectious states. J Intensive Care Med. 2021;36(10):1217\u20131222. doi:10.1177\/0885066620944879"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e006616","article-title":"Primary bacteraemia is associated with a higher mortality risk compared with pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections in patients with sepsis: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Mansur A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mansur A, Klee Y, Popov AF, et al. Primary bacteraemia is associated with a higher mortality risk compared with pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections in patients with sepsis: a prospective observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006616. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006616"},{"issue":"15","key":"B31","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"1655","article-title":"Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the genetic and inflammatory markers of sepsis (GenIMS) study","volume":"167","author":"Kellum JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the genetic and inflammatory markers of sepsis (GenIMS) study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(15):1655\u20131663. doi:10.1001\/archinte.167.15.1655"},{"issue":"8","key":"B32","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"775","article-title":"Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock","volume":"315","author":"Shankar-Hari M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock. JAMA. 2016;315(8):775\u2013778. doi:10.1001\/jama.2016.0289"},{"issue":"3","key":"B33","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"315","article-title":"Evaluating the clinical utility of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency department","volume":"33","author":"Spillane AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spillane AM, Haraschak JL, Gephard SE, Nerderman BE, Fick ME, Reinhart JM. Evaluating the clinical utility of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency department. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2023;33(3):315\u2013326. doi:10.1111\/vec.13293"},{"issue":"1","key":"B34","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"199","article-title":"Canine parvovirus: a predicting canine model for sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Alves F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alves F, Prata S, Nunes T, et al. Canine parvovirus: a predicting canine model for sepsis. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):199. doi:10.1186\/s12917-020-02417-0"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.24.12.0413.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.24.12.0413.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.24.12.0413.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T08:41:55Z","timestamp":1746088915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.24.12.0413.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.24.12.0413","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}