{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:21:27Z","timestamp":1773030087603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To document and evaluate postoperative complications associated with 3 urethral prolapse surgical techniques: urethropexy (UP), resection and anastomosis (RA), and resection via carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) laser.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>20 male dogs that underwent surgical treatment for urethral prolapse.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Dogs included in this study underwent surgical repair for urethral prolapse. Complications were classified as early if they occurred before discharge, late if they occurred after, and minor or major based on the need for revision.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 UP, 10 RA, and 4 resection via CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser procedures were performed. Minor complications occurred in 15 of 20 dogs (75%) and included mild hemorrhage (n = 8), hematuria (n = 6), mild swelling of the distal penis (n = 5), recurrence of prolapse that did not require revision (n = 2), pollakiuria (n = 2), stranguria (n = 2), and urethritis (n = 1). Major complications occurred in 7 of 20 dogs (35%): 3 of 6 in the UP group (50%), 0 of 10 in the RA group (0%), and 4 of 4 in the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> group (100%). Urethral stricture formation was only noted in the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> group. Recurrence occurred in 3 of 6 UP cases (50%), 2 of 10 RA cases (20%), and 1 of 4 CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> cases (25%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There are no peer-reviewed publications that describe the use and complications of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> lasers in the surgical management of urethral prolapse in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.01.0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T17:08:50Z","timestamp":1740157730000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resection via carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of canine urethral prolapse is associated with a higher rate of complications"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7897-8388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Biehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Penny J.","family":"Regier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel W.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"B1","series-title":"N Z Vet J","first-page":"180","article-title":"Letter: prolapse of the penile urethra in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Copland MD","year":"1975","unstructured":"Copland MD. Letter: prolapse of the penile urethra in a dog. N Z Vet J. 1975;23(8):180\u2013181."},{"issue":"12","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Surgical correction of prolapse of the male urethra","volume":"66","author":"Hobson HP","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hobson HP, Heller RA. Surgical correction of prolapse of the male urethra. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1971;66(12):1177\u20131179."},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"682","volume":"11","author":"McDonald R","year":"1989","unstructured":"McDonald R. Urethral prolapse in a Yorkshire Terrier. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1989;11(6):682\u2013683."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"450","article-title":"Surgical correction of prolapse of the male urethra in three English Bulldogs","volume":"9","author":"Sinibaldi K","year":"1973","unstructured":"Sinibaldi K, Green R. Surgical correction of prolapse of the male urethra in three English Bulldogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1973;9:450\u2013453."},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Indian Journal of Canine Practice","first-page":"153","article-title":"Surgical management of urethral prolapse in a male dog","volume":"11","author":"Anila B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anila B, Choppillil J, Laiju MP, Abhilash RS, Smitty PG. Surgical management of urethral prolapse in a male dog. Indian Journal of Canine Practice. 2019;11(2):153\u2013154."},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"574","article-title":"Urethral prolapse in dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"43","author":"Carr JG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carr JG, Tobias KM, Smith L. Urethral prolapse in dogs: a retrospective study. Vet Surg. 2014;43(5):574\u2013580. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12190.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B7","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"179","article-title":"Assessment of combined resection-anastomosis and urethropexy in dogs with urethral prolapse","volume":"60","author":"Grewal MK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grewal MK, Kudej RK, Grace M. Assessment of combined resection-anastomosis and urethropexy in dogs with urethral prolapse. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2024;60(5):179\u2013187. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7401"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"206","article-title":"Surgical treatment of canine urethral prolapse via urethropexy or resection and anastomosis","volume":"65","author":"Healy D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Healy D, Rizkallal C, Rossanese M, et al. Surgical treatment of canine urethral prolapse via urethropexy or resection and anastomosis. J Small Anim Pract. 2024;65(3):206\u2013213. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13690"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"381","article-title":"A urethropexy technique for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse in the male dog","volume":"38","author":"Kirsch JA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirsch JA, Hauptman JG, Walshaw R. A urethropexy technique for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse in the male dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2002;38(4):381\u2013384. doi:10.5326\/0380381"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"107","article-title":"Management of severe penile swelling associated with urethropexy in an English Bulldog","volume":"38","author":"Rabidi S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rabidi S, Papazoglou L, Tsobanidou P, Haddadin W. Management of severe penile swelling associated with urethropexy in an English Bulldog. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2014;38(1):107\u2013109. doi:10.3906\/vet-1301-12"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"180","article-title":"Urethral prolapse in three male Yorkshire Terriers","volume":"48","author":"Ragni RA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ragni RA. Urethral prolapse in three male Yorkshire Terriers. J Small Anim Pract. 2007;48(3):180. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00326.x"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","first-page":"4","article-title":"Urethral prolapse in a dog of the American pit bull breed","volume":"46","author":"Santos JG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos JG, de C\u00e1ssia Martini A, Monteiro BG, et al. Urethral prolapse in a dog of the American pit bull breed. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2018;46:4\u20134. doi:10.22456\/1679-9216.85113"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology","article-title":"Urethral diseases of dogs and cats","volume":"720","author":"Krawiec D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krawiec D. Urethral diseases of dogs and cats. In: Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology. Williams & Wilkins; 1995:720."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Urethra","author":"Tobias KM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tobias KM, Johnston SA. Urethra. In: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. Elsevier; 2012:1993\u20132010."},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"262","article-title":"Carbon dioxide laser surgery for chronic proliferative and obstructive otitis externa in 26 dogs","volume":"32","author":"Aslan J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aslan J, Shipstone MA, Mackie JT. Carbon dioxide laser surgery for chronic proliferative and obstructive otitis externa in 26 dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2021;32(3):262\u2013e72. doi:10.1111\/vde.12960"},{"issue":"18","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"700","article-title":"Comparative use of CO2 laser, diode laser and monopolar electrocautery for resection of the soft palate in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Dunie-Merigot A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dunie-Merigot A, Bouvy B, Poncet C. Comparative use of CO2 laser, diode laser and monopolar electrocautery for resection of the soft palate in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. Vet Rec. 2010;167(18):700\u2013704. doi:10.1136\/vr.c5107"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"1","article-title":"The carbon dioxide laser: an alternative surgery technique for the treatment of common cutaneous tumors in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Paczuska J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paczuska J, Kielbowicz Z, Nowak M, Antonczyk A, Ciaputa R, Nicpon J. The carbon dioxide laser: an alternative surgery technique for the treatment of common cutaneous tumors in dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2014;56(1):1. doi:10.1186\/1751-0147-56-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"621","article-title":"Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery","volume":"32","author":"Shelley BA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shelley BA. Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2002;32(3):621\u2013637. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00008-6"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Veterinary Laser Surgery: a Practical Guide","author":"Berger NA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berger NA, Eeg PH. Veterinary Laser Surgery: a Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons; 2006."},{"issue":"9","key":"B20","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"552","article-title":"Balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a dog","volume":"83","author":"Bennett SL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett SL, Edwards GE, Tyrrell D. Balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a dog. Aust Vet J. 2005;83(9):552\u2013554. doi:10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13329.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"B21","series-title":"Arch Dermatol","first-page":"1326","article-title":"Connective tissue remodeling induced by carbon dioxide laser resurfacing of photodamaged human skin","volume":"140","author":"Orringer JS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Orringer JS, Kang S, Johnson TM, et al. Connective tissue remodeling induced by carbon dioxide laser resurfacing of photodamaged human skin. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(11):1326\u20131332. doi:10.1001\/archderm.140.11.1326"},{"issue":"5","key":"B22","series-title":"Lasers Surg Med","first-page":"395","article-title":"Collagen tightening induced by carbon dioxide laser versus erbium: YAG laser","volume":"27","author":"Fitzpatrick RE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick RE, Rostan EF, Marchell N. Collagen tightening induced by carbon dioxide laser versus erbium: YAG laser. Lasers Surg Med. 2000;27(5):395\u2013403. doi:10.1002\/1096-9101(2000)27:5<395::AID-LSM1000>3.0.CO;2-4"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.25.01.0004.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.25.01.0004.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.25.01.0004.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T12:42:03Z","timestamp":1746103323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/5\/ajvr.25.01.0004.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.01.0004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}