{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:19:06Z","timestamp":1781086746656,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To develop and evaluate the use of 3-D\u2013printed instrument guides for nasopharyngoscopy, focusing on maneuverability, the ability to biopsy the nasal choanae, and foreign body retrieval.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Various sizes of 3-D\u2013printed guides (small, medium, large) and angles (160\u00b0, 170\u00b0, 175\u00b0, and 180\u00b0) were tested alongside retroflex nasopharyngoscopy in cadavers. Four cadavers representing different sizes and species (3 canines and 1 feline) were utilized to evaluate the success of the 3-D\u2013printed instrument guides. The study evaluated the maneuverability of each guide within the nasopharynx, along with their effectiveness in facilitating choanal biopsies and retrieving a simulated grass foreign body. Performance was compared across guides to determine the most effective design.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 180\u00b0 guide had limited maneuverability and was unable to facilitate biopsies or foreign body retrieval. The 175\u00b0 guide showed moderate maneuverability and successfully performed biopsies and foreign body removal, although with mild resistance to movement. The 170\u00b0 guide demonstrated high maneuverability, enabling smooth access in all directions and consistent procedural success. The 160\u00b0 guide exhibited the greatest flexibility and procedural success, providing superior maneuverability and ease of use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three-dimensional\u2013printed instrument guides with more acute angles improve nasopharyngeal access and procedural efficiency. The 160\u00b0 guide showed the greatest potential for clinical application in facilitating biopsies and foreign body removal.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three-dimensional\u2013printed nasopharyngoscopy guides enhance diagnostic and therapeutic procedures by improving access, biopsy collection, and foreign body retrieval. More acute angles offer greater maneuverability, supporting their clinical use for minimally invasive nasopharyngeal interventions in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.01.0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T18:48:24Z","timestamp":1744915704000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A novel approach to nasopharyngoscopy in canine and feline cadavers: development and application of 3-dimensional\u2013printed instrument guides"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Miruna","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Compendium","first-page":"184","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal disorders of dogs and cats: a review and retrospective study","volume":"24","author":"Hunt GB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hunt GB, Perkins MC, Foster SF, Barrs VR, Swinney GR, Malik R. Nasopharyngeal disorders of dogs and cats: a review and retrospective study. Compendium. 2002;24(3):184\u2013203."},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"249","article-title":"Clinical findings, rhinoscopy and histological evaluation of 54 dogs with chronic nasal disease","volume":"11","author":"Pietra M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pietra M, Spinella G, Pasquali F, Romagnoli N, Bettini G, Spadari A. Clinical findings, rhinoscopy and histological evaluation of 54 dogs with chronic nasal disease. J Vet Sci. 2010;11(3):249\u2013255. doi:10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.3.249"},{"issue":"9","key":"B3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"752","article-title":"Investigation of a retroesophagoscopic approach to nasopharyngoscopy as an alternative to the conventional retroflexed endoscopic approach for selected indications in feline cadavers and client-owned cats","volume":"82","author":"Derr\u00e9 MG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derr\u00e9 MG, Snead EC, Beaufr\u00e8re HH, Aertsens AG. Investigation of a retroesophagoscopic approach to nasopharyngoscopy as an alternative to the conventional retroflexed endoscopic approach for selected indications in feline cadavers and client-owned cats. Am J Vet Res. 2021;82(9):752\u2013759. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.82.9.752"},{"issue":"4","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"347","article-title":"Invited review-applications for 3D printers in veterinary medicine","volume":"55","author":"Hespel AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hespel AM, Wilhite R, Hudson J. Invited review-applications for 3D printers in veterinary medicine. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014;55(4):347\u2013358. doi:10.1111\/vru.12176"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"Braz J Vet Pathol","first-page":"159","article-title":"A pilot study on the use of 3D printers in veterinary medicine","volume":"14","author":"Leonardi L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonardi L, Marsili R, Bellezza E, et al. A pilot study on the use of 3D printers in veterinary medicine. Braz J Vet Pathol. 2021;14(3):159\u2013164. doi:10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v14i3p159-164"},{"issue":"8686","key":"B6","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"371","article-title":"Detection of subclinical riasopharyngeal carcinoma by fibreoptic endoscopy and multiple biopsy","volume":"335","author":"Sham JST","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sham JST, Choy D, Wei WI, et al. Detection of subclinical riasopharyngeal carcinoma by fibreoptic endoscopy and multiple biopsy. Lancet. 1990;335(8686):371\u2013374. doi:10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90206-K"},{"issue":"10","key":"B7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"529","article-title":"Use of CT to evaluate and compare intranasal features in brachycephalic and normocephalic dogs","volume":"57","author":"Auger M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Auger M, Alexander K, Beauchamp G, Dunn M. Use of CT to evaluate and compare intranasal features in brachycephalic and normocephalic dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(10):529\u2013536. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12541"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"431","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal sialoceles in 11 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"47","author":"De Lorenzi D","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Lorenzi D, Bertoncello D, Mantovani C, Bottero E. Nasopharyngeal sialoceles in 11 brachycephalic dogs. Vet Surg. 2018;47(3):431\u2013438. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12771"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"201","article-title":"Rostral nasopharyngeal CT measurements in Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are smaller than those measured in Dachs\u00adhunds","volume":"64","author":"Wijsman S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wijsman S, Ter Haar G, Hertog ED, Boroffka S. Rostral nasopharyngeal CT measurements in Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are smaller than those measured in Dachs\u00adhunds. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2023;64(2):201\u2013210. doi:10.1111\/vru.13172"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/7\/ajvr.25.01.0005.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/7\/ajvr.25.01.0005.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/7\/ajvr.25.01.0005.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T13:00:38Z","timestamp":1751461238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/7\/ajvr.25.01.0005.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.01.0005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}