{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:45:56Z","timestamp":1788691556909,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rabies in livestock in the United States (US) poses a significant public health concern due to the potential for human exposure and economic losses to producers. Understanding the epidemiology of rabies in livestock supports broader One Health goals by enhancing early detection of viral incursions and protecting both animal and human health. This study assessed the epidemiology of rabies in livestock in the US from 2012 to 2021 using surveillance data reported to the National Rabies Surveillance System. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate economic losses, including livestock value and human postexposure prophylaxis. A total of 947 rabid livestock were reported during the study period, with cattle accounting for 65.9% of cases. Skunk rabies virus variants were the most frequently identified variants (53.5%), and more than half of all rabid livestock were reported in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Virginia, and North Carolina. When adjusted for livestock population, the highest infection rates occurred in the northeastern US. Estimated economic losses totaled $18.6 million (range, $9.8 to $39.6 million) assuming detection rates of 100% (lower bound) and 66% detection (upper bound). Rabid livestock are routinely detected in the US, with the highest number of rabies infections concentrated in 2 states, Texas and Virginia. Economic losses due to rabid livestock are sizeable, driven primarily by postexposure prophylaxis costs. Livestock vaccination should consider regional risk, animal value, and the potential for human exposure. The companion Currents in One Health by Nathan et al,\n                    <jats:italic>JAVMA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , forthcoming 2025, addresses patterns of rabies vaccine failures in domesticated animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.01.0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T11:22:58Z","timestamp":1751282578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rabies in livestock in the United States (2012\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Payette-Stroman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6030-3930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasmeen","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Boutelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Holschbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Control of Communicable Diseases Manual","first-page":"497","article-title":"Rabies","author":"Franka R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Franka R. Rabies. In: Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 20th ed. American Public Health Association; 2015;497\u2013508. doi:10.2105\/CCDM.2745.120"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1147543","article-title":"Evaluation of country infrastructure as an indirect measure of dog-mediated human rabies deaths","volume":"10","author":"Bonaparte SC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonaparte SC, Moodie J, Undurraga EA, Wallace RM. Evaluation of country infrastructure as an indirect measure of dog-mediated human rabies deaths. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1147543. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1147543"},{"issue":"12","key":"B3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1849","article-title":"Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States","volume":"14","author":"Velasco-Villa A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Velasco-Villa A, Reeder SA, Orciari LA, et al. Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(12):1849\u20131854. doi:10.3201\/eid1412.080876"},{"issue":"11","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2022","volume":"262","author":"Ma X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma X, Boutelle C, Bonaparte S, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2022. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(11):1518\u20131525. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0354"},{"issue":"5","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"505","article-title":"Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016","volume":"248","author":"Brown C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown C, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, et al. Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016. 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