{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:31:48Z","timestamp":1747801908843,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To quantify the volume of lavage required to decrease the bacterial load below a standard of 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> CFUs\/mL on a subcutaneous tissue model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a benchtop experimental study conducted between May 1, 2023, through July 31, 2023 that included 20 sterile silicone skin models with a 10-cm incision. The silicone skin model was inoculated with a 1,000-fold dilution of approximately 1.5 X 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> CFUs\/mL of isolated <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial quantification samples were taken preinoculation, 20 minutes postinoculation, and after incremental saline lavage to total a volume of 2.5, 5, and 10 mL\/cm incisional length bacterial quantification.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For <jats:italic>S pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>, a reduction of bacterial colonies below 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> CFUs\/mL was noted in all lavage volumes, with an initial 3-log decrease from postinoculation to the 2.5 mL\/cm lavage for both <jats:italic>S pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>. Microbial growth demonstrated a 1-log reduction with increased lavage volumes from 2.5 mL\/cm to 10 mL\/cm for <jats:italic>S pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>. For <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>, microbial growth demonstrated a 1-log reduction with the second lavage (total of 5 mL\/cm) and a half-log reduction with the third lavage (total of 10 mL\/cm).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Surgeons should consider a minimum of 2.5 mL\/cm lavage when aiming to decontaminate SC tissues in linear surgical wounds. Further work in clinical cases is required to evaluate differences in live tissue compared to this model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This work provides surgeons with a reference point for deciding what volume of lavage to use for purposes of decontaminating an SC space.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.01.0030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T17:36:24Z","timestamp":1747762584000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lavage with at least 2.5 mL\/cm sterile saline reduces bacterial load in a subcutaneous tissue model"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Cody B.","family":"Westmoreland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara D.","family":"Lawhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0096-9942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanna M.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"577","article-title":"Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infection in clean-contaminated wounds: a retrospective study of 239 dogs and cats","volume":"31","author":"Nicholson M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nicholson M, Beal M, Shofer F, Brown DC. Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infection in clean-contaminated wounds: a retrospective study of 239 dogs and cats. Vet Surg. 2002;31(6):577 581. doi:10.1053\/jvet.2002.34661"},{"issue":"7","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Microorganisms associated with incisional infections after gastrointestinal surgery in dogs and cats","volume":"49","author":"Williams RW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams RW, Cole S, Holt DE. Microorganisms associated with incisional infections after gastrointestinal surgery in dogs and cats. 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