{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:54:41Z","timestamp":1787025281207,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate an owner-reported questionnaire designed to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This noninterventional study followed best practice guidance for instrument development. Draft items were initially identified through a qualitative literature and social media review. Concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing interviews with owners of dogs with CKD further informed item development and modification. Psychometric properties were then evaluated in a larger sample, alongside 2 global items assessing the dog\u2019s HRQoL from the owner\u2019s and veterinarian\u2019s perspective. Expert veterinarian input was provided throughout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owners of 11 dogs with CKD were recruited for interviews, and owners of 279 dogs with CKD were recruited for psychometric evaluation. Forty-eight signs and behaviors of CKD were identified from the literature and social media review; an additional 13 concepts were identified in the qualitative interviews. The final questionnaire comprised 13 items assessing observable HRQoL impacts of CKD in dogs and demonstrated reliability and validity in terms of psychometric properties. Factor and item response theory analyses confirmed the questionnaire\u2019s unidimensional structure. High internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.89; McDonald omega = 0.89), moderate to good test-retest reliability (\u2265 0.73), and strong convergent validity evidence were found. The questionnaire demonstrated the ability to discriminate between early International Renal Interest Society stages and different levels of owner- and veterinarian-reported overall dog HRQoL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first psychometrically validated questionnaire assessing HRQoL in canine CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The measure is fit for purpose for use in canine CKD both in clinical trials and veterinary practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.02.0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T12:31:06Z","timestamp":1758544266000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The new Health-Related Quality of Life in Dog Chronic Kidney Disease Questionnaire demonstrates reliability and validity for use in canine clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Inc, Parsippany, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Howse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes, Adelphi Values Ltd, Bollington, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7115-0394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Skingley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes, Adelphi Values Ltd, Bollington, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Valiakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioulia","family":"Chortara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asclepius One Health, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mollie","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Nabity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-6590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Stochl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes, Adelphi Values Ltd, Bollington, UK"},{"name":"Department of Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-7693","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aoife","family":"Mahon-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes, Adelphi Values Ltd, Bollington, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"15","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in small animals","author":"Polzin DJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polzin DJ. 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