{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T04:06:45Z","timestamp":1748578005002,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine concentrations in endometrial samples collected by cytobrush or swab as a potential screening diagnostic marker for equine endometritis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>88 mares had endometrial samples collected, which included cytobrush, swab, and\/or biopsy. Clinical reproductive records, reproductive ultrasound examination, endometrial cytology and culture results, and biopsy grading score were recorded. Fluorescent bead\u2013based multiplex assays for the inflammatory markers interferon-\u03b3, interferon-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, soluble CD14, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL11 were carried out from the endometrial cytobrush and swab samples in reproductively healthy mares and mares with endometritis in a prospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The endometrial cytobrush technique yielded higher inflammatory marker concentrations for mares with endometritis than endometrial swabs. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 was increased in endometrial cytobrush samples from estrous mares that had endometrial neutrophils on cytology (n = 14; median, 4,185 pg\/mL; IQR, 1,318.8 to 7,530 pg\/mL) compared to samples from mares without neutrophils on cytology (n = 68; median, 1,653 pg\/mL; IQR, 672 to 3,606.8 pg\/mL; CI, 288 to 3,715) and in mares with endometritis (n = 14; median, 4,185 pg\/mL; IQR, 1,318.8 to 7,530 pg\/mL) compared to mares without endometritis (n = 57; median, 1,718 pg\/mL; IQR, 651.5 to 3,968 pg\/mL; CI, 580 to 4,383). Finally, mares with uterine TNF-\u03b1 concentrations &lt; 3,942 pg\/mL in combination with CCL5 concentrations &lt; 15,985 pg\/mL had a 100% chance of identifying as a mare with a healthy endometrium.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Increased concentrations of TNF-\u03b1 and CCL5 in endometrial cytobrush samples are identified in mares with inflammatory endometritis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Inflammatory markers measured from endometrial cytobrush samples could be used to identify mares for endometritis that may have false negative results.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.02.0059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T13:14:42Z","timestamp":1748524482000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory marker analysis of uterine cytobrush samples helps identify mares with endometritis"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5173-1426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennine","family":"Lection","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Schnobrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Byron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaella F.","family":"Castro Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon Hon","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-3654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariana","family":"Diel de Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"B1","series-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl","first-page":"353","article-title":"Endometritis, a common cause of infertility in mares","author":"Varadin M","year":"1975","unstructured":"Varadin M. 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