{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1787830367640,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To acknowledge that elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a well-recognized major threat to Asian elephants (<jats:italic>Elephas maximus<\/jats:italic>) and can cause acute and often fatal hemorrhagic disease (HD). Historically, EEHV-HD has been less frequently identified in African elephants (<jats:italic>Loxodonta africana<\/jats:italic>). This case series describes 5 recent cases of EEHV2 infection in African elephants within managed care at 5 North American institutions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>5 African elephants (<jats:italic>L africana<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The cases involved 4-, 7-, and 10-year-old males that died despite receiving aggressive medical therapy and 4- and 14-year-old females that survived. Clinical signs included lethargy, decreased appetite, lameness, changes in behavior and sleep patterns, multifocal hemorrhages, edema, and lingual cyanosis. Hematologic changes included decreased total WBC counts, monocytes, and platelets and the presence of immature band heterophils.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>EEHV2-specific serostatus for the 3 lethal cases suggests that they were seronegative for EEHV2 and succumbed to a primary infection, whereas the fourth and fifth cases were noted to be seropositive for EEHV2 and survived. This series documents the latest reports of clinical diseases and fatalities associated with EEHV2 in African elephants and significantly adds to the known number of lethal EEHV-HD cases within the population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This series provides additional evidence that negative serostatus against an EEHV type causing disease is observed in African elephants, as well as Asian elephants, and highlights the importance of routine monitoring for serostatus within African elephant herds. Furthermore, these cases provide new data suggesting that EEHV2, in addition to EEHV3, is a significant pathogen that can affect African elephant populations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.02.0060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T15:36:55Z","timestamp":1751470615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 2 infection in 5 African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at multiple North American zoological institutions"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2109-415X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taylor J.","family":"Willis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Burgdorf-Moisuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Raines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Ratliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoltan S.","family":"Gyimesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisville Zoo, Louisville, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Lipanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisville Zoo, Louisville, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevive A.","family":"Dumonceaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toledo Zoo & Aquarium, Toledo, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren L.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Kinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Suedmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas City Zoo & Aquarium, Kansas City, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany L.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"e01528-19","article-title":"Lethal hemorrhagic disease and clinical illness associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 are caused by primary infection: implications for the detection of diagnostic proteins","volume":"94","author":"Fuery A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuery A, Pursell T, Tan J, et al. Lethal hemorrhagic disease and clinical illness associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 are caused by primary infection: implications for the detection of diagnostic proteins. J Virol. 2020;94(3):e01528-19. doi:10.1128\/jvi.01528-19"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"319","article-title":"Clinical infection of two captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1B","volume":"47","author":"Fuery A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuery A, Tan J, Peng R, et al. Clinical infection of two captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1B. 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Vet Microbiol. 2011;147(1\u20132):28\u201341. doi:10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.042"},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"ILAR J","first-page":"283","article-title":"Review of elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses and acute hemorrhagic disease","volume":"56","author":"Long SY","year":"2016","unstructured":"Long SY, Latimer EM, Hayward GS. Review of elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses and acute hemorrhagic disease. ILAR J. 2016;56(3):283\u2013296. doi:10.1093\/ilar\/ilv041"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"335","article-title":"Epidemiologic evaluation of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 3B infection in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana)","volume":"48","author":"Bronson E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bronson E, McClure M, Sohl J, et al. Epidemiologic evaluation of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 3B infection in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). 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