{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:10:22Z","timestamp":1756818622432,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nObjective<\/jats:title>\nTo determine the perioperative efficacy and safety of methadone-fluconazole injection followed by oral methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone (methadone-fluconazole) compared to IM buprenorphine followed by oral codeine (buprenorphine).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nHealthy dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy or castration from October 2019 through December 2019 were blocked to treatment by week. The methadone-fluconazole group treatment included methadone-fluconazole (0.5 and 2.5 mg\/kg, SC) preoperatively and once postoperatively; methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone (0.5, 2.5, and 0.125 mg\/kg, PO, q 12 h) and an NSAID started approximately 24 hours after surgery. The buprenorphine group included buprenorphine preoperatively (0.02 mg\/kg, IM) and postoperatively (0.01 mg\/kg, IM), and then codeine (1 to 2 mg\/kg, PO, q 8 h) and an NSAID started approximately 8 hours postoperatively. Preoperative sedation included acepromazine; anesthetic induction included ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane anesthesia. Faculty-supervised veterinary students performed the anesthesia and surgery. The Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale assessed postoperative pain; treatment failures included total pain scores > 5 (if nonmobile), > 6 (if mobile), and need for additional analgesia\/sedation. Variables of interest were compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nEnrollment included 119 dogs in the methadone-fluconaze group (47 male, 72 female) and 120 dogs in the buprenorphine group (44 male, 76 female). One dog was excluded (methadone-fluconazole) due to requiring additional surgery. Propofol was needed for anesthetic induction in 2 methadone-fluconazole and 8 buprenorphine dogs. Ephedrine was administered for intraoperative hypotension to 4 of 119 (methadone-fluconazole) and 8 of 120 (buprenorphine) dogs. One dog (methadone) received atropine. Mean \u00b1 SD postoperative rectal temperatures were significantly lower in methadone-fluconazole (35.6 \u00b1 1.1\u2009\u00b0C) than buprenorphine (36.1 \u00b1 1.0\u2009\u00b0C) dogs. Significantly more treatment failures occurred from buprenorphine (8 of 120) than methadone-fluconazole (1 of 119).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nMethadone-fluconazole formulations provided superior clinical efficacy compared to buprenorphine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nClinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\nMethadone-fluconazole formulations provide effective analgesia with twice-daily administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.03.0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1750412826000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Methadone-fluconazole formulations provide superior clinical efficacy compared to buprenorphine injection in dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Klocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micaela L.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyson H.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"832","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of injectable robenacoxib for the treatment of pain associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs","author":"Friton G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friton G, Thompson C, Karadzovska D, King S, King JN. 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