{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:10:22Z","timestamp":1756818622523,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the effects of an estrus synchronization program on the resident microbial population of the vagina in Braford heifers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nulliparous Braford heifers were enrolled in a 9-day progesterone-controlled internal drug release\u2013based estrous synchronization protocol. Vaginal swabs were collected on day (D) 0 and D11 of the synchronization protocol and again on D60 to profile changes in vaginal bacterial communities though 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Analysis of samples from 10 heifers revealed that the most abundant phyla were the <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Tenericutes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Fusobacteria<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>. Principal coordinate analysis showed significant differentiation among the vaginal profiles of the microbial communities at D11 compared to D0 and D60. The bacterial clustering may be due to estrous synchronization. Significant differences were observed at the genus level. The relative abundances of known endometrial pathogens <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Helcococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Leptotrichiaceae<\/jats:italic> significantly increased from D0 to D11.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study describes, for the first time, transient changes in the diversity of the vaginal microbiota of Braford heifers in response to estrus manipulations. The presence (or absence) of certain recognized pathogens, such as <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Helcococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>, may negatively affect reproductive health, justifying further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results may help in advances of the diagnosis and treatment of infertility.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.03.0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T10:43:34Z","timestamp":1750157014000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progesterone-controlled internal drug release\u2013based estrous synchronization induces vaginal dysbiosis and enrichment of potential pathogens in Braford heifers"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Candelaria","family":"Gonzalez Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda \u201cDr. Francisco D. Barbieri\u201d, Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Zootecnia y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solana","family":"Funiciello-Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda \u201cDr. Francisco D. Barbieri\u201d, Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Zootecnia y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Torres Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavly","family":"Fayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aspinas","family":"Chapwanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-9286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda \u201cDr. Francisco D. 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