{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:52:48Z","timestamp":1775483568911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To apply equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) antibody testing in nasal swabs and serum in nonclinical horses during a naturally occurring outbreak of (EHV-1). Previous experimental EHV-1 challenge studies showed stable serum anti-EHV-1 antibody concentrations paired with rapidly increasing nasal mucosal antibodies (mucAbs) prevent EHV-1 infection, viral shedding, and cell-associated viremia. From this, we hypothesized that EHV-1 antibody testing can confirm exposure in non-clinical horses during an outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>2 horses with neurological signs from 1 farm were admitted to an equine hospital. Equine herpesvirus type 1 was confirmed by PCR. Five concurrently hospitalized, possibly exposed horses, 4 of which were vaccinated against EHV-1 and -4 within 7 months, were studied. Possibly exposed horses had their temperatures measured along with serum and nasal swab samples taken for EHV-1 PCR and antibody quantification between 1 and 29 days of potential EHV-1 exposure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>None of the possibly exposed horses developed fever or clinical signs of EHV-1. Polymerase chain reaction results on nasal swabs and blood were negative. Only mild seroconversion was observed. Mucosal antibodies were initially low and increased rapidly in 4 possibly exposed horses that were considered exposed to EHV-1 yet neither infected (protected) nor infectious. One nonimmune horse without increasing mucAbs was not exposed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MucAbs provide information on EHV-1 exposure and, together with clinical monitoring and PCR, enable improved management of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreaks. Serum antibodies obtained at the same time provide information on preexisting EHV-1 immunity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Repeatedly measuring the serum and mucAbs of possibly exposed horses during an EHV-1 outbreak, starting shortly after the index case is confirmed, may identify nonimmune horses and possibly exposed animals that are protected to make informed treatment decisions (nonimmune) and reduce quarantine time (protected horses).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.03.0106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T15:36:55Z","timestamp":1751470615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serum and mucosal antibody testing to detect viral exposure in contact horses during an equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Gillian A.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Sfraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8922-7927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Cercone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"450","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement","volume":"23","author":"Lunn DP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJBF, et al. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23(3):450\u2013461. doi:10.1111\/J.1939-1676.2009.0304.X"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"339","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy","volume":"38","author":"Pusterla N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pusterla N, Hussey GS, Goehring LS. Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2022;38(2):339\u2013362. doi:10.1016\/J.CVEQ.2022.05.006"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"219","article-title":"Intranasal IgG4\/7 antibody responses protect horses against equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection including nasal virus shedding and cell-associated viremia","volume":"531","author":"Perkins G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perkins G, Babasyan S, Stout AE, et al. Intranasal IgG4\/7 antibody responses protect horses against equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection including nasal virus shedding and cell-associated viremia. Virology. 2019;531:219\u2013232. doi:10.1016\/J.VIROL.2019.03.014"},{"issue":"22","key":"B4","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"e01011-19","article-title":"An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 open reading frame 2 deletion mutant provides immunity and protection from EHV-1 infection and disease","volume":"93","author":"Schnabel CL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, et al. An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 open reading frame 2 deletion mutant provides immunity and protection from EHV-1 infection and disease. J Virol. 2019;93(22):e01011-19. doi:10.1128\/JVI.01011-19"},{"issue":"6","key":"B5","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"e0025024","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) replication at the upper respiratory entry site is inhibited by neutralizing EHV-1-specific IgG1 and IgG4\/7 mucosal antibodies","volume":"98","author":"Eady NA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eady NA, Holmes C, Schnabel C, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) replication at the upper respiratory entry site is inhibited by neutralizing EHV-1-specific IgG1 and IgG4\/7 mucosal antibodies. J Virol. 2024;98(6):e0025024. doi:10.1128\/JVI.00250-24"},{"issue":"11","key":"B6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0206679","article-title":"The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses","volume":"13","author":"Wimer CL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wimer CL, Schnabel CL, Perkins G, et al. The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0206679. doi:10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0206679"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"245","article-title":"Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity","volume":"14","author":"Schnabel CL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schnabel CL, Wimer CL, Perkins G, et al. Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):245. doi:10.1186\/S12917-018-1563-4"},{"key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Fluorescent bead-based multiplex assays improve serological disease diagnostics and have potential of identifying sensitive immune biomarkers for maintaining health and performance","volume":"263","author":"Sipka A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sipka A, Wagner B. Fluorescent bead-based multiplex assays improve serological disease diagnostics and have potential of identifying sensitive immune biomarkers for maintaining health and performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(suppl 1):S33\u2013S44. doi:10.2460\/JAVMA.24.11.0760"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Proc Am Assoc Equine Pr","first-page":"68","article-title":"The equine neurologic exam","volume":"198-203","author":"DeNotta S","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeNotta S, Mackay R. The equine neurologic exam. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pr. 2022;198-203:68."},{"issue":"32","key":"B10","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5203","article-title":"Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Goehring LS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goehring LS, Wagner B, Bigbie R, et al. Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines. Vaccine. 2010;28(32):5203\u20135211. doi:10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2010.05.065"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1\/2 deletion mutant","volume":"42","author":"Soboll Hussey G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, et al. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1\/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res. 2011;42(1):23. doi:10.1186\/1297-9716-42-23"},{"issue":"17","key":"B12","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"3636","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)","volume":"24","author":"Goodman LB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goodman LB, Wagner B, Flaminio MJBF, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). Vaccine. 2006;24(17):3636\u20133645. doi:10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2006.01.062"},{"issue":"42","key":"B13","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5588","article-title":"Antibody and cellular immune responses of na\u00efve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine","volume":"33","author":"Wagner B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagner B, Goodman LB, Babasyan S, et al. Antibody and cellular immune responses of na\u00efve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33(42):5588\u20135597. doi:10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2015.09.009"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"15","article-title":"The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: the virus and its vaccines","volume":"111","author":"Kydd JH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kydd JH, Townsend HGG, Hannant D. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: the virus and its vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006;111(1\u20132):15\u201330. doi:10.1016\/J.VETIMM.2006.01.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Serological responses of mares and weanlings following vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 4 vaccine","volume":"88","author":"Foote CE","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM. Serological responses of mares and weanlings following vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 4 vaccine. Vet Microbiol. 2002;88(1):13\u201325. doi:10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00100-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"384","article-title":"Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada","volume":"26","author":"Burgess BA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, et al. Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(2):384\u2013392. doi:10.1111\/J.1939-1676.2012.00885.X"},{"issue":"5","key":"B17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Detection and management of an outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection and associated neurological disease in a veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"24","author":"Goehring LS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goehring LS, Landolt GA, Morley PS. Detection and management of an outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection and associated neurological disease in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(5):1176\u20131183. doi:10.1111\/J.1939-1676.2010.0558.X"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/9\/ajvr.25.03.0106.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/9\/ajvr.25.03.0106.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/9\/ajvr.25.03.0106.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:37:02Z","timestamp":1756816622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/9\/ajvr.25.03.0106.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.03.0106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}