{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:55:53Z","timestamp":1789016153666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the distribution of injectate (iohexol) at the feline sacrococcygeal space using CT and thereby identify the volume necessary to reach the 10th thoracic intervertebral foramina (T10-T11), where nociceptive neurons from the ovaries enter the spinal cord.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>7 healthy, purpose-bred, 1- to 2-year-old intact female domestic shorthair cats were anesthetized and positioned in sternal recumbency. After baseline vertebral column CT, a stimulating needle connected to a nerve stimulator (current, 0.2 mA; frequency, 2 Hz; pulse width, 0.1 milliseconds) was inserted at the sacrococcygeal space. After distal tail twitching was observed, a syringe driver injected iohexol (44 mg\/mL; 0.25 mL\/kg over 30 seconds). Computed tomography was performed 30 seconds after the injection ended. This was repeated 3 times, with 4 minutes separating the start of each injection. A linear mixed-effects model was constructed to determine if the number of vertebrae traversed as the iohexol distributed cranially could be predicted as a function of injectate volume, side of vertebral column, and their interaction (cat as a random effect).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The association between injectate volume and number of vertebrae traversed was significant. The volume required to reach the T10-T11 intervertebral foramen bilaterally was 0.75 mL\/kg in 3 cats and 1.0 mL\/kg in 3 cats; in 1 cat, 1.0 mL\/kg did not reach this level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sacrococcygeal epidural injection of 0.75 to 1.0 mL\/kg or more of local anesthetic may be required for segmental analgesia for feline ovariohysterectomy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The volume required is greater than the volume injected epidurally in previous studies and could increase the risk of producing hemodynamic side effects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.03.0107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1751989956000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of the epidural distribution of sequential boluses of iohexol injected at the sacrococcygeal space in anesthetized cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Shanna","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2032-1202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jordyn M.","family":"Boesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Consulting Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin D.","family":"Gleed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2014-9040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Martin-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"B1","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1349","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the epidural use of bupivacaine 0.0625-0.125% with opioids in bitches undergoing cesarean section","author":"Martin-Flores M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin-Flores M, Anderson JC, Sakai DM, et al. 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