{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:52:51Z","timestamp":1790873571305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To generate and test a formula to predict the echocardiographic aortic valve (AV) diameter (AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) for use in echo-hemodynamic evaluations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Echocardiograms of hemodynamically stable dogs more than 1 year old that included images of the AV in the right parasternal inflow-outflow view with concurrent ECG were included. Exclusions included AV pathology, congestive heart failure, systolic dysfunction, sustained arrhythmias, congenital heart diseases, hypovolemia, systemic hypertension, and pericardial and pleural space diseases. The AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      was measured in centimeters in triplicate using digital calipers. A linear regression examined the relationship between weight and AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      , generating a predictive formula. Next, 20 dogs had their AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      measured and predicted, and stroke volumes were calculated using each method. These were compared using the paired Student\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, intraclass correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and Bland-Altman plots.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from 176 unique dogs included 64 (34.7%) normal hearts and 109 (61.9%) with preclinical myxomatous mitral and\/or tricuspid valve disease. The median (range) age was 8 (1 to 16) years; weight was 9.6 (1.7 to 73) kg. The median (range) AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 1.20 (0.60 to 2.45) cm. The formula derived was AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.545 X (weight)\n                      <jats:sup>0.347<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.875). Despite moderate agreement and low variation between the predicted and measured AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      , differences occurred due to mild systematic underestimation (\u22120.1 \u00b1 0.13 cm), with consequent underestimation of stroke volumes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The formula allowed calculation of AV\n                      <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                      , although underestimation resulted in differences between measured and predicted stroke volumes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a formula can reduce acquisition and measurement error; however, it must be validated with a larger sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T17:38:45Z","timestamp":1752860325000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A body weight\u2013based formula of the canine aortic valve diameter for use in echocardiographic stroke volume and cardiac output calculations"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-5947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universite, University of Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Gommeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universite, University of Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentin","family":"Duriez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universite, University of Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Christine","family":"Merveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universite, University of Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Critical and Acute Care Ultrasound","first-page":"85","article-title":"Cardiac ultrasonography in the critical care setting: a practical approach to assess the cardiac function and preload for the \u201cnon-cardiologist\u201d","author":"Vermeiren GLJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vermeiren GLJ, Malbrain MLNG, Walpot JMJB. 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