{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:21:23Z","timestamp":1779211283458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy of bilateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks using either liposomal bupivacaine (2.66 mg\/kg) expanded with bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl; 0.5%; 2 mg\/kg) or bupivacaine HCl (0.5%; 2 mg\/kg), each combined with dexmedetomidine (0.4 \u03bcg\/kg), for abdominal wall desensitization in pigs compared to high-dose IV buprenorphine (0.1 mg\/kg).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective, randomized, blinded study was conducted in 24 pigs assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) saline TAP block and 0.1 mg\/kg IV buprenorphine, (2) TAP block with bupivacaine HCl (0.5%; 2 mg\/kg) and dexmedetomidine (0.4 \u03bcg\/kg), and (3) TAP block with liposomal bupivacaine (2.66 mg\/kg) admixed with bupivacaine HCl (0.5%; 2 mg\/kg) and dexmedetomidine (0.4 \u03bcg\/kg). Transversus abdominis plane blocks were administered at 0.8 mL\/kg\/hemiabdomen (1.6 mL\/kg total\/pig). Skin sensitivity was assessed using forceps testing at baseline and at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after block using a predefined scoring system. The primary outcome was time to resensitization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All TAP blocks were technically successful. Peak desensitization occurred at 6 hours in all groups. No significant differences in the duration or extent of nociceptive blockade were observed between treatments. This study represents the first in vivo assessment of TAP block efficacy in pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liposomal bupivacaine admixed with bupivacaine HCl and dexmedetomidine did not provide prolonged analgesia compared to bupivacaine HCl with dexmedetomidine or high-dose IV buprenorphine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TAP blocks may reduce reliance on systemic opioids, supporting opioid-sparing pain management strategies in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T12:21:48Z","timestamp":1753964508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transversus abdominis plane block using liposomal or bupivacaine hydrochloride with dexmedetomidine provides comparable analgesia to high-dose intravenous buprenorphine in pigs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Malwina","family":"Basinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton Specialist Referrals, High Wycombe, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-9735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"McOnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Large Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"de Miguel Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"J Invest Surg","first-page":"63","article-title":"Best practices for performing experimental surgery in swine","author":"Swindle MM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swindle MM, Smith AC. Best practices for performing experimental surgery in swine. J Invest Surg. 2013;26(2):63\u201371. doi:10.3109\/08941939.2012.693149"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"344","article-title":"Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing","author":"Swindle MM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swindle MM, Makin A, Herron AJ, Clubb FJ Jr, Frazier KS. Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing. Vet Pathol. 2012;49(2):344\u2013356. doi:10.1177\/0300985811402846. Published correction appears in Vet Pathol. 2012;49(4):738."},{"issue":"3","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"663","article-title":"General anesthetic techniques in swine","author":"Moon PF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moon PF, Smith LJ. General anesthetic techniques in swine. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1996;12(3):663\u2013691. doi:10.1016\/s0749-0720(15)30392-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh)","first-page":"27","article-title":"The analgesic effect of buprenorphine, etorphine and pethidine in the pig: a randomized double blind cross-over study","author":"Hermansen K","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hermansen K, Pedersen LE, Olesen HO. The analgesic effect of buprenorphine, etorphine and pethidine in the pig: a randomized double blind cross-over study. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1986;59(1):27\u201335. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1986.tb00130.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"265","article-title":"Assessment of postoperative analgesia after application of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for surgery in a swine femoral fracture model","author":"Royal JM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Royal JM, Settle TL, Bodo M, et al. Assessment of postoperative analgesia after application of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for surgery in a swine femoral fracture model. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2013;52(3):265\u2013276."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals","first-page":"411","article-title":"Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory pigs","author":"Fleischmann T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fleischmann T, Clutton RE, Haga HA, Oostrom HV, Weisskopf M. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory pigs. In: Dyson MC, Jirkof P, Lofgren J, Nunamaker EA, Pang D, eds. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2023:411\u2013439."},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"322","article-title":"Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals","author":"Roughan JV","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals. Lab Anim. 2002;36(3):322\u2013343. doi:10.1258\/002367702320162423"},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The 6th Edition of Lumb and Jones","first-page":"355","article-title":"Opioids","author":"Simon BT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simon BT, Lizarraga I. Opioids. In: Lamont L, Grimm K, Robertson S, Love L, Schroeder C, eds. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The 6th Edition of Lumb and Jones. Wiley-Blackwell; 2024:355\u2013397."},{"issue":"5","key":"B9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0155001","article-title":"Pain and laboratory animals: publication practices for better data reproducibility and better animal welfare","author":"Carbone L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carbone L, Austin J. Pain and laboratory animals: publication practices for better data reproducibility and better animal welfare. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155001. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0155001"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"37","article-title":"Pain management in pigs undergoing experimental surgery; a literature review (2012-4)","author":"Bradbury AG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradbury AG, Eddleston M, Clutton RE. Pain management in pigs undergoing experimental surgery; a literature review (2012-4). Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(1):37\u201345. doi:10.1093\/bja\/aev301"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"579","article-title":"Local and regional anesthesia in ruminants and swine","author":"Skarda RT","year":"1996","unstructured":"Skarda RT. Local and regional anesthesia in ruminants and swine. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1996;12(3):579\u2013626. doi:10.1016\/s0749-0720(15)30390-x"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals","first-page":"87","article-title":"Tranquilizers, sedatives, local anaesthetics and antimuscarinic agents","author":"Adami C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adami C, Bergadano A, Casoni D. Tranquilizers, sedatives, local anaesthetics and antimuscarinic agents. In: Dyson MC, Jirkof P, Lofgren J, Nunamaker EA, Pang D, eds. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2023:87\u2013107."},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"Clin Drug Investig","first-page":"109","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic profile of liposome bupivacaine injection following a single administration at the surgical site","author":"Hu D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu D, Onel E, Singla N, Kramer WG, Hadzic A. Pharmacokinetic profile of liposome bupivacaine injection following a single administration at the surgical site. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33(2):109\u2013115. doi:10.1007\/s40261-012-0043-z"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"124","article-title":"Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to bupivacaine in femoral-sciatic nerve blocks in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO)","author":"Di Bella C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Bella C, Pennasilico L, Botto R, et al. Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to bupivacaine in femoral-sciatic nerve blocks in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Res Vet Sci. 2023;154:124\u2013131. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.12.015"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","first-page":"773","article-title":"A randomized-controlled trial comparing liposomal bupivacaine, plain bupivacaine, and the mixture of liposomal bupivacaine and plain bupivacaine in transversus abdominus plane block for postoperative analgesia for open abdominal hysterectomies","author":"Fidkowski CW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fidkowski CW, Choksi N, Alsaden MR. A randomized-controlled trial comparing liposomal bupivacaine, plain bupivacaine, and the mixture of liposomal bupivacaine and plain bupivacaine in transversus abdominus plane block for postoperative analgesia for open abdominal hysterectomies. Can J Anaesth. 2021;68(6):773\u2013781. doi:10.1007\/s12630-020-01911-1"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1031345","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in dogs undergoing ovariectomy","author":"Cavaco JS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cavaco JS, Otero PE, Ambr\u00f3sio AM, et al. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in dogs undergoing ovariectomy. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:1031345. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.1031345"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"374","article-title":"Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block with a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in cats undergoing ovariectomy","author":"Skouropoulou D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skouropoulou D, Lacitignola L, Centonze P, Simone A, Crovace AM, Staffieri F. Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block with a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in cats undergoing ovariectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(3):374\u2013383. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.01.005"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"102994","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in Shetland ponies: a description of a three-point injection technique and evaluation of potential analgesic effects","author":"K\u00fcls N","year":"2020","unstructured":"K\u00fcls N, Trujanovic R, Otero PE, Larenza-Menzies MP. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in Shetland ponies: a description of a three-point injection technique and evaluation of potential analgesic effects. J Equine Vet Sci. 2020;90:102994. doi:10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102994"},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0248131","article-title":"Combined caudal retrocostal and lateral ultrasound-guided approach for transversus abdominis plane injection: a descriptive pilot study in pig cadavers","author":"Calice I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calice I, Kau S, Knecht C, Otero PE, Larenza Menzies MP. Combined caudal retrocostal and lateral ultrasound-guided approach for transversus abdominis plane injection: a descriptive pilot study in pig cadavers. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248131. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0248131"},{"issue":"3","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"470","article-title":"Description of different ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block in pig cadavers - a pilot study","author":"Michielsen AJHC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michielsen AJHC, Rodrigo-Mochol\u00ed D, Cornillie P, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Description of different ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block in pig cadavers - a pilot study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2021;48(3):470\u2013477. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.10.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"35","article-title":"Image analysis comparison of nerve staining with food dye, methylene blue or tissue marker","author":"Wong S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong S, Hon S, Parry S, Boesch JM, Pearson E, de Miguel Garcia C. Image analysis comparison of nerve staining with food dye, methylene blue or tissue marker. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2024;51(1):35\u201343. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2023.09.073"},{"key":"B22","year":"2024","unstructured":"3Rs resources. North American 3Rs Collaborative. Accessed November 22, 2024. https:\/\/3rc.org\/resources\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"B23","series-title":"PLoS Biol","first-page":"e3000410","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research","author":"Percie du Sert N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(7):e3000410. doi:10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.2.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs","first-page":"207","article-title":"Pain management for farm animals","author":"Lin H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin H. Pain management for farm animals. In: Lin H, Passler T, Clark-Price S, eds. Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs. John Wiley & Sons; 2022:207\u2013246."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Formulary for Laboratory Animals","first-page":"15","author":"Hawk CT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hawk CT, Leary SL, Morris TH. Formulary for Laboratory Animals. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing; 2005:15\u201342."},{"issue":"4","key":"B27","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"386","article-title":"Transdermal fentanyl compared with parenteral buprenorphine in post-surgical pain in swine: a case study","author":"Harvey-Clark CJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harvey-Clark CJ, Gilespie K, Riggs KW. Transdermal fentanyl compared with parenteral buprenorphine in post-surgical pain in swine: a case study. Lab Anim. 2000;34(4):386\u2013398. doi:10.1258\/002367700780387750"},{"issue":"6","key":"B28","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Buprenorphine metabolites, buprenorphine-3-glucuronide and norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide, are biologically active","author":"Brown SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown SM, Holtzman M, Kim T, Kharasch ED. Buprenorphine metabolites, buprenorphine-3-glucuronide and norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide, are biologically active. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(6):1251\u20131260. doi:10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318238fea0"},{"issue":"10","key":"B29","series-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)","first-page":"1397","article-title":"An examination of the complex pharmacological properties of the non-selective opioid modulator buprenorphine","author":"Pande LJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pande LJ, Arnet RE, Piper BJ. An examination of the complex pharmacological properties of the non-selective opioid modulator buprenorphine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(10):1397. doi:10.3390\/ph16101397"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"S1","article-title":"The history and pharmacology of buprenorphine: new advances in cats","author":"Clark TP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clark TP. The history and pharmacology of buprenorphine: new advances in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2022;45(1):S1\u2013S30. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13073"},{"issue":"4","key":"B31","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"349","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine in neutered male cats anesthetized with isoflurane","author":"Pypendop BH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pypendop BH, Stoddard S, Barter LS. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine in neutered male cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2023;50(4):349\u2013355. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2023.04.004"},{"issue":"5","key":"B32","series-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"546","article-title":"A comparison of buprenorphine, sustained release buprenorphine, and high concentration buprenorphine in male New Zealand white rabbits","author":"Andrews DD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrews DD, Fajt VR, Baker KC, Blair RV, Jones SH, Dobek GL. A comparison of buprenorphine, sustained release buprenorphine, and high concentration buprenorphine in male New Zealand white rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(5):546\u2013556. doi:10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000132. Published correction appears in J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2021;60(1):115. doi:10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000160"},{"issue":"1","key":"B33","series-title":"Eur J Pain Suppl","first-page":"69","article-title":"Basic pharmacology of buprenorphine","author":"Ohtani M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ohtani M. Basic pharmacology of buprenorphine. Eur J Pain Suppl. 2007;1(1):69\u201373. doi:10.1016\/S1754-3207(08)60017-6."},{"issue":"9","key":"B34","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"ajvr.22.03.0037","article-title":"Transverse abdominis plane injection of bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine or a bupivacaine liposomal suspension yielded lower pain scores and requirement for rescue analgesia in a controlled, randomized trial in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy","author":"Campoy L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campoy L, Martin-Flores M, Boesch JM, et al. Transverse abdominis plane injection of bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine or a bupivacaine liposomal suspension yielded lower pain scores and requirement for rescue analgesia in a controlled, randomized trial in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Am J Vet Res. 2022;83(9):ajvr.22.03.0037. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.22.03.0037"},{"issue":"8","key":"B35","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"ajvr.22.01.0007","article-title":"Block duration is substantially longer with a liposomal suspension of bupivacaine than with 0.5% bupivacaine HCl potentiated with dexmedetomidine following an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block in Beagles","author":"Campoy L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campoy L, Martin-Flores M, Gleed RD, Taylor LC, Yant JE, Pavlinac R. Block duration is substantially longer with a liposomal suspension of bupivacaine than with 0.5% bupivacaine HCl potentiated with dexmedetomidine following an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block in Beagles. Am J Vet Res. 2022;83(8):ajvr.22.01.0007. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.22.01.0007"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"J Pain Res","first-page":"781","article-title":"The safety of liposome bupivacaine following various routes of administration in animals","author":"Joshi GP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joshi GP, Patou G, Kharitonov V. The safety of liposome bupivacaine following various routes of administration in animals. J Pain Res. 2015;8:781\u2013789. doi:10.2147\/JPR.S85424"},{"issue":"11","key":"B37","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Comparison of epinephrine vs lipid rescue to treat severe local anesthetic toxicity - an experimental study in piglets","author":"Mauch J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mauch J, Martin Jurado O, Spielmann N, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Weiss M. Comparison of epinephrine vs lipid rescue to treat severe local anesthetic toxicity - an experimental study in piglets. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21(11):1103\u20131108. doi:10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2011.03652.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B38","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"417","article-title":"Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs","author":"Hadzic A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hadzic A, Dilberovic F, Shah S, et al. Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29(5):417\u2013423. doi:10.1016\/j.rapm.2004.06.002"},{"key":"B39","series-title":"J Drug Deliv","first-page":"962101","article-title":"The safety of EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) administered by peripheral nerve block in rabbits and dogs","author":"Richard BM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richard BM, Newton P, Ott LR, et al. The safety of EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) administered by peripheral nerve block in rabbits and dogs. J Drug Deliv. 2012;2012:962101. doi:10.1155\/2012\/962101"},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"267","article-title":"Complications associated with locoregional anesthesia","author":"Fischer B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fischer B, Martin-Flores M. Complications associated with locoregional anesthesia. In: Read M, Campoy L, Fischer B, eds. Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2024:267\u2013285."},{"key":"B41","series-title":"The Veterinary Formulary","first-page":"263","article-title":"Drugs acting on the nervous system","author":"Brearley JC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brearley JC, Heath SE. Drugs acting on the nervous system. In: Bishop Y, ed. The Veterinary Formulary. 6th ed. Pharmaceutical Press; 2005:263\u2013300."},{"key":"B42","series-title":"Swine in the Laboratory: Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging, and Experimental Techniques","first-page":"39","article-title":"Anesthesia, analgesia, and perioperative care","author":"Swindle MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Swindle MM, Sistino JJ. Anesthesia, analgesia, and perioperative care. In: Swindle MM, Smith AC, eds. Swine in the Laboratory: Surgery, Anesthesia, Imaging, and Experimental Techniques. 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2016:39\u201387."},{"issue":"10","key":"B43","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"916","article-title":"Controlled, non-inferiority trial of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension","author":"Gordon-Evans WJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon-Evans WJ, Suh HY, Guedes AG. Controlled, non-inferiority trial of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension. J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(10):916\u2013921. doi:10.1177\/1098612X19892355"},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1197728","article-title":"Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block using bupivacaine in goats undergoing celiotomy","author":"Morris TB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morris TB, Hopster K, Fecteau ME. Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block using bupivacaine in goats undergoing celiotomy. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1197728. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1197728"},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs","first-page":"159","article-title":"Local and regional anesthesia in food animals","author":"Rush J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rush J, Stockler J. Local and regional anesthesia in food animals. In: Lin H, Passler T, Clark-Price S, eds. Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2022:159\u2013188."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.04.0130.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.04.0130.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.04.0130.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:28:21Z","timestamp":1762529301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.04.0130.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0130","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}