{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:53:44Z","timestamp":1787025224754,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate changes in gastrointestinal biomarkers over time in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery and in dogs with acute nonspecific diarrhea (AD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study of 20 dogs undergoing surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCL cohort) and 8 dogs with AD. Serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid, and C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin concentrations were measured before and 12 to 18 hours, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after surgery in the CCL group. These biomarkers were also measured in AD dogs at initial evaluation and 4 and 8 weeks postrecovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum cobalamin (437 \u00b1 186 ng\/L) and folate concentrations (10.5 \u00b1 4.8 ng\/mL) at 12 to 18 hours were lower than corresponding cobalamin (630 \u00b1 235 ng\/L;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and folate concentrations (14.61 \u00b1 6.3 ng\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001) before surgery in CCL dogs. However, serum cobalamin (637 \u00b1 195 ng\/L) and folate concentrations (13.8 \u00b1 5.7 ng\/mL) at 4 weeks were higher than at 12 to 18 hours (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01, respectively) and similar to baseline. All 3 AD dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations below the reference interval at baseline had serum cobalamin concentrations within the reference interval at 4 weeks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major orthopedic surgery and acute nonspecific enteropathy transiently lowered serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum folate and cobalamin should be interpreted cautiously in the immediate postoperative setting or during acute gastrointestinal illness. Abnormalities should be reevaluated at a later date before pursuing other diagnostics or instituting supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T12:51:14Z","timestamp":1752670274000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serum gastrointestinal biomarkers are transiently affected by elective orthopedic surgery and acute enteropathy in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-3644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Marturello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy M.","family":"Heilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg M.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-6307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs","volume":"32","author":"Heilmann RM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(5):1495\u20131508. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15247"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"203","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of gastrointestinal function","volume":"18","author":"Suchodolski JS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Laboratory assessment of gastrointestinal function. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2003;18(4):203\u2013210. doi:10.1016\/S1096-2867(03)00075-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"13","article-title":"Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Kather S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kather S, Gr\u00fctzner N, Kook PH, Dengler F, Heilmann RM. Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(1):13\u201328. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15638"},{"issue":"15","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"368","article-title":"Long-term outcome in dogs with chronic enteropathies: 203 cases","volume":"178","author":"Allenspach K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allenspach K, Culverwell C, Chan D. Long-term outcome in dogs with chronic enteropathies: 203 cases. Vet Rec. 2016;178(15):368. doi:10.1136\/vr.103557"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"84","article-title":"Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease","volume":"74","author":"Berghoff N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berghoff N, Parnell NK, Hill SL, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease. Am J Vet Res. 2013;74(1):84\u201389. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.84"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Chronic diarrhea in dogs \u2013 retrospective study in 136 cases","volume":"31","author":"Volkmann M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volkmann M, Steiner JM, Fosgate GT, Zentek J, Hartmann S, Kohn B. Chronic diarrhea in dogs \u2013 retrospective study in 136 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(4):1043\u20131055. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14739"},{"issue":"5","key":"B7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2005","article-title":"Diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"33","author":"Salavati Schmitz S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salavati Schmitz S, Gow A, Bommer N, Morrison L, Mellanby R. Diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(5):2005\u20132013. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15571"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"54","article-title":"Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is achieved","volume":"21","author":"Batchelor DJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Batchelor DJ, Noble PJM, Taylor RH, Cripps PJ, German AJ. Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is achieved. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(1):54\u201360. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[54:pficep]2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in juvenile dogs with parvoviral enteritis or other acute enteropathies","volume":"37","author":"Hung M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hung M, Heinz J, Steiner JM, Suchodolski J, Lidbury J. Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in juvenile dogs with parvoviral enteritis or other acute enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(4):1368\u20131375. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16736"},{"issue":"7","key":"B10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs infected with canine parvoviral enteritis","volume":"260","author":"Engelbrecht M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engelbrecht M, Botha WJ, Pazzi P, McClure V, Hooijberg E. Serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs infected with canine parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(7):1\u20138. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.05.0240"},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"104","article-title":"Hypocobalaminaemia in dogs with acute gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"65","author":"Mattavelli C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mattavelli C, Willems A, Gomez Soto E, Chong SK. Hypocobalaminaemia in dogs with acute gastrointestinal diseases. J Small Anim Pract. 2024;65(2):104\u2013112. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13699"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Int J Lab Hematol","first-page":"e21","article-title":"The effect of the acute phase response on routine laboratory markers of folate and vitamin B12 status","volume":"40","author":"Parkes JP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parkes JP, Wood L, Chadburn AJ, et al. The effect of the acute phase response on routine laboratory markers of folate and vitamin B12 status. Int J Lab Hematol. 2018;40(2):e21\u2013e23. doi:10.1111\/ijlh.12778"},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","series-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg","first-page":"682","article-title":"Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery is associated with a marked reduction in serum homocysteine and folate levels in the early postoperative period","volume":"26","author":"Storti S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Storti S, Cerillo AG, Rizza A, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery is associated with a marked reduction in serum homocysteine and folate levels in the early postoperative period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26(4):682\u2013686. doi:10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.06.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0231445","article-title":"Characterization of C-reactive protein in dogs undergoing medial patellar luxation surgery","volume":"15","author":"Jervan M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jervan M, Szlosek DA, Friis H, Coyne MJ, DeNicola D, Johnsen OH. Characterization of C-reactive protein in dogs undergoing medial patellar luxation surgery. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0231445. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0231445"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"23","article-title":"Acute phase proteins: biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine","volume":"185","author":"Eckersall PD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eckersall PD, Bell R. Acute phase proteins: biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Vet J. 2010;185(1):23\u201327. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"700","article-title":"Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome","volume":"21","author":"Allenspach K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allenspach K, Wieland B, Gr\u00f6ne A, Gaschen F. Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(4):700\u2013708. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[700:ceideo]2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"311","article-title":"Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of chronic canine and feline enteropathies","volume":"41","author":"Berghoff N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berghoff N, Steiner JM. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of chronic canine and feline enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41(2):311\u2013328. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.01.001"},{"issue":"7","key":"B18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"845","article-title":"Development and analytic validation of a radioimmunoassay for the quantification of canine calprotectin in serum and feces from dogs","volume":"69","author":"Heilmann RM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Development and analytic validation of a radioimmunoassay for the quantification of canine calprotectin in serum and feces from dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2008;69(7):845\u2013853. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.845"},{"issue":"5","key":"B19","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"813","article-title":"Verification of the fCAL turbo immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of the fecal calprotectin concentration in dogs and cats","volume":"34","author":"Enderle LL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Enderle LL, K\u00f6ller G, Heilmann RM. Verification of the fCAL turbo immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of the fecal calprotectin concentration in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2022;34(5):813\u2013824. doi:10.1177\/10406387221114031"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats","first-page":"10668","year":"2006","unstructured":"National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. National Academies Press; 2006:10668. doi:10.17226\/10668"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"J Sci Food Agric","first-page":"875","article-title":"Higher circulating vitamin B12 is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers in individuals at high cardiovascular risk and in naturally aged mice","volume":"104","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez I, Kovatcheva M, Casas R, et al. Higher circulating vitamin B12 is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers in individuals at high cardiovascular risk and in naturally aged mice. J Sci Food Agric. 2024;104(2):875\u2013882. doi:10.1002\/jsfa.12976"},{"issue":"9","key":"B22","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"460","article-title":"Association of vitamin B12 with pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers related to cardiometabolic risk in Saudi subjects","volume":"8","author":"Al-Daghri NM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Daghri NM, Rahman S, Sabico S, et al. Association of vitamin B12 with pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers related to cardiometabolic risk in Saudi subjects. Nutrients. 2016;8(9):460. doi:10.3390\/nu8090460"},{"issue":"2","key":"B23","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"261","article-title":"Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency exacerbate inflammation during mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) infection","volume":"15","author":"Vaccaro JA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vaccaro JA, Qasem A, Naser SA. Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency exacerbate inflammation during mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Nutrients. 2023;15(2):261. doi:10.3390\/nu15020261"},{"issue":"3","key":"B24","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"118","article-title":"Associations between vitamin B-12 status and oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic vegetarians and omnivores","volume":"8","author":"Lee YJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee YJ, Wang MY, Lin MC, Lin PT. Associations between vitamin B-12 status and oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic vegetarians and omnivores. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):118. doi:10.3390\/nu8030118"},{"issue":"4","key":"B25","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"919","article-title":"Interpretation of vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations in population-based surveys does not require adjustment for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project","volume":"111","author":"Young MF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young MF, Guo J, Williams A, et al. Interpretation of vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations in population-based surveys does not require adjustment for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(4):919\u2013926. doi:10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz303"},{"issue":"4","key":"B26","series-title":"Acta Biomed","first-page":"e2020106","article-title":"Association between serum folate with inflammatory markers, disease clinical activity and serum homocysteine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Does folate level have an effect on maintaining clinical remission?","volume":"91","author":"Moein S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moein S, Vaghari-Tabari M, Qujeq D, Kashifard M, Shokri-Shirvani J, Hajian-Tilaki K. Association between serum folate with inflammatory markers, disease clinical activity and serum homocysteine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Does folate level have an effect on maintaining clinical remission? Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4):e2020106. doi:10.23750\/abm.v91i4.8467"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"BMC Endocr Disord","first-page":"73","article-title":"Relationship between inflammatory markers and mild cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Zheng M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng M, Chang B, Tian L, et al. Relationship between inflammatory markers and mild cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):73. doi:10.1186\/s12902-019-0402-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"B28","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","first-page":"582","article-title":"The effects of folate supplementation on inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"81","author":"Bahmani F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bahmani F, Karamali M, Shakeri H, Asemi Z. The effects of folate supplementation on inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81(4):582\u2013587. doi:10.1111\/cen.12451"},{"issue":"7","key":"B29","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"2327","article-title":"Effects of folic acid supplementation on inflammatory markers: a grade-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Asbaghi O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asbaghi O, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, et al. Effects of folic acid supplementation on inflammatory markers: a grade-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2327. doi:10.3390\/nu13072327"},{"issue":"7","key":"B30","series-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J","first-page":"1007","article-title":"The vampire study: significant elevation of faecal calprotectin in healthy volunteers after 300\u2009ml blood ingestion mimicking upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"6","author":"Vavricka SR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vavricka SR, Heinrich H, Buetikofer S. The vampire study: significant elevation of faecal calprotectin in healthy volunteers after 300\u2009ml blood ingestion mimicking upper gastrointestinal bleeding. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(7):1007\u20131014. doi:10.1177\/2050640618774416"},{"issue":"2","key":"B31","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"455","article-title":"Association of folate concentrations with clinical signs and laboratory markers of chronic enteropathy in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Ullal TV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullal TV, Marks SL, Huebner SN, Taylor SL, Shelley CD. Association of folate concentrations with clinical signs and laboratory markers of chronic enteropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(2):455\u2013464. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16681"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0137.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0137.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0137.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:22:06Z","timestamp":1762528926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0137.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0137","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}