{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:14:50Z","timestamp":1769040890389,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize coagulopathies before and after antivenom administration in rattlesnake-envenomated equids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Client-owned envenomated equids treated with antivenom at Colorado State University (2023 to 2024). Rattlesnake bite severity score (RBSS), platelet count, prothrombin time, activated thromboplastin time, D-dimers, antithrombin, and viscoelastic testing variables were assessed before and after antivenom administration. Paired comparisons of hemostatic variables between admission and approximately 24 hours, and correlation analysis with RBSS, were performed. Length of hospitalization (LOH) and outcome were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seven acutely envenomated equids. Admit median (IQR) RBSS was 7 (4 to 7) out of 13. At admission, coagulopathies were present in all animals. Most common findings were thrombocytopenia, increased D-dimers, abnormal amplitude at 20 minutes (A20), and abnormal maximum clot firmness (MCF) on viscoelastic testing. On the day following admission, RBSS [3 (1 to 3)], A20 (admit, 15.8 \u00b1 10; recheck, 26.4 \u00b1 5), and MCF (admit, 18.7 \u00b1 9.5; recheck, 28.8 \u00b1 6) were improved. Significant correlations were found between RBSS and platelet count (\u03c1 = \u22120.68; n = 12), activated thromboplastin time (\u03c1 = 0.64; n = 14), A20 (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.70; n = 14), and MCF (\u03c1 = \u22120.56; n = 14). Median LOH was 2 days. The mortality rate was 0%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coagulopathies are common in rattlesnake-envenomated equids, and viscoelastic testing allows for identification and monitoring of qualitative disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antivenom administration may mitigate venom's effects, reduce LOH, and improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T17:51:11Z","timestamp":1753120271000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Viscoelastic testing is improved following antivenom treatment in rattlesnake-envenomated equids"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3020-420X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Migliorisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5843-4528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diana M.","family":"Hassel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Russell","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-3477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1866","article-title":"Rattlesnake venom poisoning in horses: 32 cases (1973\u20131993)","volume":"208","author":"Dickinson CE","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dickinson CE, Traub-Dargatz JL, Dargatz DA, Bennett DG, Knight AP. Rattlesnake venom poisoning in horses: 32 cases (1973\u20131993). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;208(11):1866\u20131871. doi:10.2460\/javma.1996.208.11.1866"},{"issue":"11","key":"B2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Clinical findings associated with prairie rattlesnake bites in dogs: 100 cases (1989\u20131998)","volume":"220","author":"Hackett TB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hackett TB, Wingfield WE, Mazzaferro EM, Benedetti JS. Clinical findings associated with prairie rattlesnake bites in dogs: 100 cases (1989\u20131998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;220(11):1675\u20131680. doi:10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1675"},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Prairie rattlesnake envenomation in 27 New World camelids","volume":"27","author":"Sonis JM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sonis JM, Hackett ES, Callan RJ, Holt TN, Hackett TB. Prairie rattlesnake envenomation in 27 New World camelids. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27(5):1238\u20131241. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12143"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Toxins (Basel)","first-page":"2","article-title":"A review of rattlesnake venoms","volume":"16","author":"Phan P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phan P, Deshwal A, McMahon TA, et al. A review of rattlesnake venoms. Toxins (Basel). 2023;16(1):2. doi:10.3390\/toxins16010002"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"31","article-title":"Management of equine poisoning and envenomation","volume":"23","author":"Landolt GA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Landolt GA. Management of equine poisoning and envenomation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2007;23(1):31\u201347. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2006.11.007"},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"631","article-title":"Rattlesnake envenomation in horses: 58 cases (1992\u20132009)","volume":"238","author":"Fielding CL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fielding CL, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Higgins JC, Meier CA. Rattlesnake envenomation in horses: 58 cases (1992\u20132009). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238(5):631\u2013635. doi:10.2460\/javma.238.5.631"},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1457","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity, inflammation, and immune response after rattlesnake envenomation in the horse","volume":"26","author":"Gilliam LL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gilliam LL, Holbrook TC, Ownby CL, et al. Cardiotoxicity, inflammation, and immune response after rattlesnake envenomation in the horse. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(6):1457\u20131463. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01022.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"486","article-title":"Third-degree atrioventricular block in a horse secondary to rattlesnake envenomation","volume":"22","author":"Lawler JB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawler JB, Frye MA, Bera MM, Ehrhart EJ, Bright JM. Third-degree atrioventricular block in a horse secondary to rattlesnake envenomation. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(2):486\u2013490. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0067.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"J Med Toxicol","first-page":"309","article-title":"The epidemiology, clinical course, and management of snakebites in the North American snakebite registry","volume":"13","author":"Ruha AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruha AM, Kleinschmidt KC, Greene S, et al. The epidemiology, clinical course, and management of snakebites in the North American snakebite registry. J Med Toxicol. 2017;13(4):309\u2013320. doi:10.1007\/s13181-017-0633-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","series-title":"Transfus Med Rev","first-page":"82","article-title":"Hematologic effects and complications of snake envenoming","volume":"29","author":"Berling I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berling I, Isbister GK. Hematologic effects and complications of snake envenoming. Transfus Med Rev. 2015;29(2):82\u201389. doi:10.1016\/j.tmrv.2014.09.005"},{"issue":"8","key":"B11","series-title":"J Thromb Haemost","first-page":"1791","article-title":"Snake venoms and hemostasis","volume":"3","author":"Lu Q","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lu Q, Clemetson JM, Clemetson KJ. Snake venoms and hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(8):1791\u20131799. doi:10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01358.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"B12","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"951","article-title":"Snake venoms and coagulopathy","volume":"45","author":"White J","year":"2005","unstructured":"White J. Snake venoms and coagulopathy. Toxicon. 2005;45(8):951\u2013967. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.02.030"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"144","article-title":"Thromboelastographic evaluation of hemostatic function in dogs treated for crotalid snake envenomation","volume":"24","author":"Armentano RA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armentano RA, Bandt C, Schaer M, Pritchett J, Shih A. Thromboelastographic evaluation of hemostatic function in dogs treated for crotalid snake envenomation. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2014;24(2):144\u2013153. doi:10.1111\/vec.12139"},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"532","article-title":"Thromboelastographic evaluation of dogs bitten by rattlesnakes native to southern California","volume":"79","author":"Lieblick BA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lieblick BA, Bergman PJ, Peterson NW. Thromboelastographic evaluation of dogs bitten by rattlesnakes native to southern California. Am J Vet Res. 2018;79(5):532\u2013537. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.79.5.532"},{"issue":"5","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"540","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of reference intervals for a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) in healthy adult horses","volume":"33","author":"Bishop RC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bishop RC, Kemper AM, Burges JW, Jandrey KE, Wilkins PA. Preliminary evaluation of reference intervals for a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) in healthy adult horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2023;33(5):540\u2013548. doi:10.1111\/vec.13317"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"108408","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke) secondary to Bothrops spp. snakebite envenomation in a horse","author":"Vasconcelos de Sousa AL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vasconcelos de Sousa AL, Ribeiro de Sousa DE, Luana de Macedo I, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke) secondary to Bothrops spp. snakebite envenomation in a horse. Toxicon. 2025:108408. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108408"},{"issue":"6","key":"B17","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Crotalocytin: characterization of the timber rattlesnake platelet activating protein","volume":"56","author":"Schmaier A","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schmaier A, Colman R. Crotalocytin: characterization of the timber rattlesnake platelet activating protein. Blood. 1980;56(6):1020\u20131028. doi:10.1182\/blood.V56.6.1020.1020"},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","series-title":"J Med Toxicol","first-page":"24","article-title":"Thromboelastography with platelet studies (TEG(R) with plateletMapping(R)) after rattlesnake envenomation in the southwestern United States demonstrates inhibition of ADP-induced platelet activation as well as clot lysis","volume":"16","author":"Kang AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang AM, Fisher ES. Thromboelastography with platelet studies (TEG(R) with plateletMapping(R)) after rattlesnake envenomation in the southwestern United States demonstrates inhibition of ADP-induced platelet activation as well as clot lysis. J Med Toxicol. 2020;16(1):24\u201332. doi:10.1007\/s13181-019-00729-8"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Front Biosci","first-page":"6604","article-title":"Hemostatic effects of recombinant DisBa-01, a disintegrin from Bothrops alternatus","volume":"13","author":"Kauskot A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kauskot A, Cominetti MR, Ramos OH, et al. Hemostatic effects of recombinant DisBa-01, a disintegrin from Bothrops alternatus. Front Biosci. 2008;13:6604\u20136616. doi:10.2741\/3176"},{"issue":"9","key":"B20","series-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol","first-page":"1974","article-title":"Applications of snake venom components to modulate integrin activities in cell-matrix interactions","volume":"45","author":"Marcinkiewicz C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marcinkiewicz C. Applications of snake venom components to modulate integrin activities in cell-matrix interactions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(9):1974\u20131986. doi:10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.06.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol","first-page":"59","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of two disintegrins inhibiting ADP-induced human platelet aggregation from the venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mohave Rattlesnake)","volume":"212","author":"Sanchez EE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sanchez EE, Galan JA, Russell WK, Soto JG, Russell DH, Perez JC. Isolation and characterization of two disintegrins inhibiting ADP-induced human platelet aggregation from the venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mohave Rattlesnake). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006;212(1):59\u201368. doi:10.1016\/j.taap.2005.07.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"B22","series-title":"Biochem J","first-page":"411","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of catrocollastatin, a snake-venom protein from Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) which inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen","volume":"307","author":"Zhou Q","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Smith JB, Grossman MH. Molecular cloning and expression of catrocollastatin, a snake-venom protein from Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) which inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen. Biochem J. 1995;307(2):411\u2013417. doi:10.1042\/bj3070411"},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"375","article-title":"Evaluation of latex agglutination kits for detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D-dimer in healthy horses and horses with severe colic","volume":"34","author":"Stokol T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stokol T, Erb HN, De Wilde L, Tornquist SJ, Brooks M. Evaluation of latex agglutination kits for detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D-dimer in healthy horses and horses with severe colic. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34(4):375\u2013382. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00064.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Association of admission plasma D-dimer concentration with diagnosis and outcome in horses with colic","volume":"24","author":"Cesarini C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cesarini C, Monreal L, Armengou L, Delgado MA, Rios J, Jose-Cunilleras E. Association of admission plasma D-dimer concentration with diagnosis and outcome in horses with colic. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24(6):1490\u20131497. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0618.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B25","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"203","article-title":"D-dimer testing for early detection of venom-induced consumption coagulopathy after snakebite in Australia (ASP-29)","volume":"217","author":"Isbister GK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isbister GK, Noutsos T, Jenkins S, Isoardi KZ, Soderstrom J, Buckley NA. D-dimer testing for early detection of venom-induced consumption coagulopathy after snakebite in Australia (ASP-29). Med J Aust. 2022;217(4):203\u2013207. doi:10.5694\/mja2.51589"},{"issue":"10","key":"B26","series-title":"J Thromb Haemost","first-page":"2630","article-title":"Why do patients with DIC bleed?","volume":"19","author":"Thachil J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thachil J. Why do patients with DIC bleed? J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(10):2630\u20132631. doi:10.1111\/jth.15442"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"39","article-title":"D-dimers level as a possible marker of extravascular fibrinolysis in COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Trimaille A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trimaille A, Thachil J, Marchandot B, et al. D-dimers level as a possible marker of extravascular fibrinolysis in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Med. 2020;10(1):39. doi:10.3390\/jcm10010039"},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"104","article-title":"Extravascular fibrin, plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and airway hyperresponsiveness","volume":"114","author":"Wagers SS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wagers SS, Norton RJ, Rinaldi LM, Bates JH, Sobel BE, Irvin CG. Extravascular fibrin, plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(1):104\u2013111. doi:10.1172\/JCI19569"},{"issue":"2","key":"B29","series-title":"BMC Emerg Med","article-title":"Unified treatment algorithm for the management of crotaline snakebite in the United States: results of an evidence-informed consensus workshop","volume":"11","author":"Lavonas EJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lavonas EJ, Ruha AM, Banner W, et al. Unified treatment algorithm for the management of crotaline snakebite in the United States: results of an evidence-informed consensus workshop. BMC Emerg Med. 2011;11:2. doi:10.1186\/1471-227X-11-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"B30","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","first-page":"522","article-title":"Crotaline Fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by Crotalus scutulatus venom: an in vitro study","volume":"20","author":"Carstairs SD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carstairs SD, Kreshak AA, Tanen DA. Crotaline Fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by Crotalus scutulatus venom: an in vitro study. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(5):522\u2013525. doi:10.1111\/acem.12135"},{"issue":"5","key":"B31","series-title":"Clin Toxicol","first-page":"277","article-title":"The critical time period for administering antivenom: golden hours and missed opportunities","volume":"62","author":"Isbister GK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isbister GK. The critical time period for administering antivenom: golden hours and missed opportunities. Clin Toxicol. 2024;62(5):277\u2013279. doi:10.1080\/15563650.2024.2352026"},{"issue":"11","key":"B32","series-title":"Exp Mol Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Boosting therapeutic potency of antibodies by taming Fc domain functions","volume":"51","author":"Kang TH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang TH, Jung ST. Boosting therapeutic potency of antibodies by taming Fc domain functions. Exp Mol Med. 2019;51(11):1\u20139. doi:10.1038\/s12276-019-0345-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"B33","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"721","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of immunoglobulin therapy for envenomation","volume":"42","author":"Gutierrez JM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gutierrez JM, Leon G, Lomonte B. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of immunoglobulin therapy for envenomation. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(8):721\u2013741. doi:10.2165\/00003088-200342080-00002"},{"issue":"8","key":"B34","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3969","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1, F(ab\u2032)2, and Fab\u2032 in mice","volume":"46","author":"Covell DG","year":"1986","unstructured":"Covell DG, Barbet J, Holton OD, Black CDV, Parker RJ, Weinstein JN. Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1, F(ab\u2032)2, and Fab\u2032 in mice. Cancer Res. 1986;46(8):3969\u20133978."},{"issue":"5","key":"B35","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Mechanisms of echinocytosis induced by Crotalus atrox venom","volume":"34","author":"Walton RM","year":"1997","unstructured":"Walton RM, Brown DE, Hamar DW, Meador VP, Horn JW, Thrall MA. Mechanisms of echinocytosis induced by Crotalus atrox venom. Vet Pathol. 1997;34(5):442\u2013449. doi:10.1177\/030098589703400508"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"107299","article-title":"Case fatality rate and burden of snakebite envenoming in children \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"234","author":"Iliyasu G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iliyasu G, Dayyab FM, Michael GC, et al. Case fatality rate and burden of snakebite envenoming in children \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicon. 2023;234:107299. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107299"},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"83","article-title":"Persistent pit viper envenomation in three dogs","volume":"166","author":"Schaer M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schaer M. Persistent pit viper envenomation in three dogs. Toxicon. 2019;166:83\u201387. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.05.013"},{"issue":"12","key":"B38","series-title":"Peptides","first-page":"2061","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide system in rabbit colon","volume":"22","author":"Kim JH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim JH, Jeon GJ, Kim SZ, Cho KW, Kim SH. C-type natriuretic peptide system in rabbit colon. Peptides. 2001;22(12):2061\u20132068. doi:10.1016\/s0196-9781(01)00555-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"B39","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"822","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract disorder in natriuretic peptide receptor B gene mutant mice","volume":"177","author":"Sogawa C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sogawa C, Abe A, Tsuji T, Koizumi M, Saga T, Kunieda T. Gastrointestinal tract disorder in natriuretic peptide receptor B gene mutant mice. Am J Pathol. 2010;177(2):822\u2013828. doi:10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091278"},{"issue":"6","key":"B40","series-title":"Arch Environ Health","first-page":"770","article-title":"The aerobic and anaerobic flora of rattlesnake fangs and venom: therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Ledbetter EO","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ledbetter EO, Kutscher AE. The aerobic and anaerobic flora of rattlesnake fangs and venom: therapeutic implications. Arch Environ Health. 1969;19(6):770\u2013778. doi:10.1080\/00039896.1969.10666929"},{"issue":"1","key":"B41","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"195","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of crotalid venoms against oral snake flora and other clinical bacteria","volume":"164","author":"Talan DA","year":"1991","unstructured":"Talan DA, Citron DM, Overturf GD, Singer B, Froman P, Goldstein EJ. Antibacterial activity of crotalid venoms against oral snake flora and other clinical bacteria. J Infect Dis. 1991;164(1):195\u2013198. doi:10.1093\/infdis\/164.1.195"},{"issue":"11","key":"B42","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Prophylactic antibiotics are not needed following rattlesnake bites","volume":"131","author":"August JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"August JA, Boesen KJ, Hurst NB, Shirazi FM, Klotz SA. Prophylactic antibiotics are not needed following rattlesnake bites. Am J Med. 2018;131(11):1367\u20131371. doi:10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.06.006"},{"issue":"4","key":"B43","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"546","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the incidence of wound infection in rattlesnake envenomation in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Carr A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carr A, Schultz J. Prospective evaluation of the incidence of wound infection in rattlesnake envenomation in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2015;25(4):546\u2013551. doi:10.1111\/vec.12337"},{"issue":"1","key":"B44","series-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)","first-page":"37","article-title":"Comparison of F(ab\u2032)2 versus Fab antivenom for pit viper envenomation: a prospective, blinded, multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Bush SP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bush SP, Ruha AM, Seifert SA, et al. Comparison of F(ab\u2032)2 versus Fab antivenom for pit viper envenomation: a prospective, blinded, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53(1):37\u201345. doi:10.3109\/15563650.2014.974263"},{"issue":"7139","key":"B45","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1236","article-title":"What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger TV","year":"1998","unstructured":"Perneger TV. What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. BMJ. 1998;316(7139):1236\u20131238. doi:10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236"},{"issue":"1","key":"B46","series-title":"Epidemiology","first-page":"43","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman KJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology. 1990;1(1):43\u201346. doi:10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010"},{"issue":"2","key":"B47","series-title":"Thromb Res","first-page":"247","article-title":"Effects of short-term glucocorticoids on hemostatic factors in healthy volunteers","volume":"118","author":"Brotman DJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brotman DJ, Girod JP, Posch A, et al. Effects of short-term glucocorticoids on hemostatic factors in healthy volunteers. Thromb Res. 2006;118(2):247\u2013252. doi:10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.06.006"},{"issue":"10","key":"B48","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of prednisone and acetylsalicylic acid on thromboelastography variables in healthy dogs","volume":"72","author":"Flint SK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flint SK, Abrams-Ogg AC, Kruth SA, Bersenas AM, Wood RD. Independent and combined effects of prednisone and acetylsalicylic acid on thromboelastography variables in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(10):1325\u20131332. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.72.10.1325"},{"issue":"12","key":"B49","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Evaluation of coagulation via thromboelastography in healthy horses administered dexamethasone","volume":"56","author":"Woodman J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Woodman J, Wagg CR, Boysen SR, Leguillette R, Mizen K, Roy MF. Evaluation of coagulation via thromboelastography in healthy horses administered dexamethasone. Can Vet J. 2015;56(12):1271\u20131274."},{"issue":"15","key":"B50","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1963","article-title":"Short-term administration of flunixin meglumine or firocoxib does not alter viscoelastic coagulation profiles in healthy horses","volume":"260","author":"Bishop RC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bishop RC, McCoy AM, Kemper AM, Stewart RM, Wilkins PA. Short-term administration of flunixin meglumine or firocoxib does not alter viscoelastic coagulation profiles in healthy horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(15):1963\u20131966. doi:10.2460\/javma.22.08.0367"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0147.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0147.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0147.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:22:04Z","timestamp":1762528924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/10\/ajvr.25.04.0147.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}