{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:09:53Z","timestamp":1767362993009,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the prevalence of positive bacterial culture and associated bacterial species in 45 dogs with surgically managed cholelithiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records of dogs from a multicenter small-animal specialty surgical private practice treated surgically for cholelithiasis from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2020, were evaluated. For this descriptive observational study, medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify dogs with culture and susceptibility testing. Dogs were included if they had an extrahepatic biliary surgery for a diagnosis of cholelithiasis and results of culture and susceptibility testing. Prior antimicrobial use, specific surgical procedure performed, bacterial culture type and source, organisms isolated, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were evaluated. Prevalences of positive culture and antimicrobial phenotypes were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      45 dogs met inclusion criteria. Twenty-four of 45 dogs (53%) had a positive bacterial culture. Seven of 24 positive cultures (29%) were polymicrobial. The most common bacterial isolates were\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. Seven of 32 isolates (22%) were considered multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Prior antimicrobial use was not significantly associated with the presence of a positive culture result, a culture including an MDRO, or an isolate being classified as an MDRO.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly half of dogs undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis had positive biliary cultures. Nearly a fourth of detected bacterial isolates were classified as MDROs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perioperative antimicrobial use may be indicated in dogs with surgically managed cholelithiasis. Previous antimicrobial use does not appear to be associated with the presence of multidrug resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.04.0148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:06:26Z","timestamp":1760450786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biliary samples in dogs with surgically managed cholelithiasis often yield positive bacterial cultures"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Ivamae J.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chesapeake Veterinary Surgical Specialists, Annapolis, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakthila","family":"Jeyakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chesapeake Veterinary Surgical Specialists, Annapolis, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2730","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes in 38 dogs with cholelithiasis receiving conservative or surgical management","volume":"35","author":"Allan F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allan F, Watson PJ, McCallum KE. 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Risk factors associated with the antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci in canine pyoderma. Vet Microbiol. 2011;150(3\u20134):302\u2013308. doi:10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","first-page":"122","article-title":"Higher prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in dogs attended for enteric viruses in Brazil before and after treatment with cephalosporins","volume":"10","author":"Slagado-Caxito M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Slagado-Caxito M, Moreno-Switt AI, Paes AC et al. Higher prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in dogs attended for enteric viruses in Brazil before and after treatment with cephalosporins. 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