{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1780636631872,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on thermal and mechanical thresholds and physiologic variables in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      6 horses (3 geldings and 3 mares) were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, masked crossover design from March 18 through May 3, 2025. Horses received 3.48 mg\/kg CBD oil or placebo (sesame oil) orally every 24 hours for 3 days. Thermal and mechanical thresholds were determined at baseline and 4 and 12 hours after treatment administration on each day. Physiologic variables, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, were recorded at the same time points. Data were analyzed using a generalized mixed model with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05. A Student\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test was used to compare time points.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thermal threshold was elevated in the CBD group above baseline and placebo on day 2 at 12 hours and on day 3 at 4 hours. There was no effect of treatment on mechanical threshold. Overall least squares mean (95% CI) respiratory rate was 17 (15 to 20) and 18 (15 to 21) breaths\/min in the CBD and placebo groups, respectively. There was no effect of treatment on heart rate or rectal temperature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CBD provided intermittent antinociception as measured by thermal threshold.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral administration of CBD appears safe and well tolerated at the dose studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.05.0185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T12:54:58Z","timestamp":1756126498000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral cannabidiol increases thermal threshold in horses without physiologic adverse effects"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Anna T.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Londa J.","family":"Berghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"McNabney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Section of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"104519","article-title":"173 industry perceptions of cannabidiol use in horses","volume":"124","author":"Heidorn N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heidorn N, Cassels D, Cater M. 173 industry perceptions of cannabidiol use in horses. 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