{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:22:39Z","timestamp":1783099359832,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate IA autologous platelet-derived mitochondrial preparation versus vehicle control in a bilateral lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of equine synovitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2 ng of LPS was injected into bilateral intercarpal joints of 6 horses over 3 months. Autologous mitochondria, isolated with a commercial kit, were injected into one joint, while the contralateral joint received a vehicle control, a within-subject controlled experimental design. Mitochondrial organelle appearance was visualized on transmission electron microscopy. Outcome measures included synovial fluid and whole-blood cytology, synovial fluid and serum multiplex cytokine assays, and synovial fluid leukocyte gene expression via quantitative real-time PCR from 0, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with nonparametric tests when normality assumptions failed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant differences were observed between treated and control joints in synovial fluid cytology, cytokine expression, or gene expression. Following LPS, increased total nucleated cells were observed in synovial fluid. Systemic changes included elevation in IL-12 and reduction in IL-10. In synovial fluid, FGF-2 decreased and interferon-\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor\u2013\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) increased compared to baseline. Gene expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, matrix metallopeptidase 13, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 were upregulated whereas OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin\u2013like GTPase and TNF-\u03b1 were downregulated over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The bilateral LPS-induced synovitis model produced minimal systemic inflammation and moderate local joint inflammation. No benefit of this mitochondrial preparation was identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While in concept there is potential for mitotherapy, our study design was unable to demonstrate benefits from this preparation in ameliorating the inflammatory effects of LPS-induced synovitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.05.0187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T12:36:04Z","timestamp":1753446964000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Platelet-derived mitochondrial preparation did not alter early inflammatory markers in a bilateral lipopolysaccharide-induced model of equine synovitis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Khaliji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Marycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"International Institute of Translational Medicine, Malin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Horna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5935-8344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry D.","family":"Galuppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Vapniarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-5106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"J Pharm Res","first-page":"132","article-title":"The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Ashkavand Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ashkavand Z, Malekinejad H, Vishwanath BS. The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. J Pharm Res. 2013;7:132\u2013138. doi:10.1016\/j.jopr.2013.01.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"J Cell Physiol","first-page":"626","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"213","author":"Goldring MB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol. 2007;213(3):626\u2013634. doi:10.1002\/jcp.21258"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Why is osteoarthritis an age-related disease?","volume":"24","author":"Shane Anderson A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shane Anderson A, Loeser RF. Why is osteoarthritis an age-related disease? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(1):15\u201326. doi:10.1016\/j.berh.2009.08.006"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"N318.0400","year":"2000","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture. Lameness and Laminitis in U.S. Horses. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System. 2000; N318.0400."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"8","article-title":"Chronic proliferative synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint","volume":"127","author":"Kannegieter NJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kannegieter NJ. Chronic proliferative synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Vet Rec. 1990;127(1):8\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"80","article-title":"Treatment of degenerative joint disease of the horse: a review and commentary","volume":"10","author":"Auer JA","year":"1981","unstructured":"Auer JA, Fackelman GE. Treatment of degenerative joint disease of the horse: a review and commentary. Vet Surg. 1981;10(2):80\u201389. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1981.tb00635.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"B7","series-title":"Bone Joint Res","first-page":"297","article-title":"The horse as a model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis","volume":"1","author":"McIlwraith CW","year":"2012","unstructured":"McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. The horse as a model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res. 2012;1(11):297\u2013309. doi:10.1302\/2046-3758.111.2000132"},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Front Rehabilit Sci","first-page":"724052","article-title":"Osteoarthritis progression: mitigation and rehabilitation strategies","volume":"2","author":"Drummer D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drummer D, McAdam J, Seay R, et al. Osteoarthritis progression: mitigation and rehabilitation strategies. Front Rehabilit Sci. 2021;2:724052. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.724052"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1115774","article-title":"Equine osteoarthritis: strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies","volume":"10","author":"Jammes M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jammes M, Contentin R, Cass\u00e9 F, Gal\u00e9ra P. Equine osteoarthritis: strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1115774. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1115774"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm","first-page":"327","article-title":"Sustained intra-articular release of celecoxib in an equine repeated LPS synovitis model","volume":"128","author":"Cokelaere SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cokelaere SM, Plomp SGM, de Boef E, et al. Sustained intra-articular release of celecoxib in an equine repeated LPS synovitis model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2018;128:327\u2013336. doi:10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.05.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"B11","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"619","article-title":"Equine allogeneic umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells reduce synovial fluid nucleated cell count and induce mild self-limiting inflammation when evaluated in an lipopolysaccharide induced synovitis model","volume":"48","author":"Williams LB","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams LB, Koenig JB, Black B, Gibson TW, Sharif S, Koch TG. Equine allogeneic umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells reduce synovial fluid nucleated cell count and induce mild self-limiting inflammation when evaluated in an lipopolysaccharide induced synovitis model. Equine Vet J. 2016;48(5):619\u2013625. doi:10.1111\/evj.12477"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"51","article-title":"In vivo effects of phenylbutazone on inflammation and cartilage-derived biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis","volume":"201","author":"de Grauw JC","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Grauw JC, van Loon JP, van de Lest CH, Brunott A, van Weeren PR. In vivo effects of phenylbutazone on inflammation and cartilage-derived biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis. Vet J. 2014;201(1):51\u201356. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.030"},{"issue":"6","key":"B13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"492","article-title":"Experimentally-induced synovitis as a model for acute synovitis in the horse","volume":"26","author":"Palmer JL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Palmer JL, Bertone AL. Experimentally-induced synovitis as a model for acute synovitis in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1994;26(6):492\u2013495."},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"412","article-title":"Intra-articular opioid analgesia is effective in reducing pain and inflammation in an equine LPS induced synovitis model","volume":"42","author":"van Loon JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Loon JP, de Grauw JC, van Dierendonck M, L'ami JJ, Back W, van Weeren PR. Intra-articular opioid analgesia is effective in reducing pain and inflammation in an equine LPS induced synovitis model. Equine Vet J. 2010;42(5):412\u2013419. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00077.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"Arthritis Res Ther","first-page":"18","article-title":"Synovitis in osteoarthritis: current understanding with therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Mathiessen A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathiessen A, Conaghan PG. Synovitis in osteoarthritis: current understanding with therapeutic implications. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):18. doi:10.1186\/s13075-017-1229-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"209","article-title":"Experimentally induced arthritis of the equine carpus: histologic and histochemical changes in the articular cartilage","volume":"42","author":"McIlwraith CW","year":"1981","unstructured":"McIlwraith CW, Van Sickle DC. Experimentally induced arthritis of the equine carpus: histologic and histochemical changes in the articular cartilage. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42(2):209\u2013217."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"83","article-title":"Characterization and differentiation of equine experimental local and early systemic inflammation by expression responses of inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"12","author":"Vinther AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vinther AM, Heegaard PM, Skovgaard K, Buhl R, Andreassen SM, Andersen PH. Characterization and differentiation of equine experimental local and early systemic inflammation by expression responses of inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood leukocytes. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12:83. doi:10.1186\/s12917-016-0706-8"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"110325","article-title":"Dynamics of local gene regulations in synovial fluid leukocytes from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis","volume":"241","author":"Walters M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walters M, Skovgaard K, Andersen PH, Heegaard PMH, Jacobsen S. Dynamics of local gene regulations in synovial fluid leukocytes from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2021;241:110325. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110325"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"182","article-title":"Changes in concentrations of haemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of lipopolysaccharide in horses","volume":"13","author":"Andreassen SM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreassen SM, Vinther AML, Nielsen SS, et al. Changes in concentrations of haemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of lipopolysaccharide in horses. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):182. doi:10.1186\/s12917-017-1089-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"B20","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"34","article-title":"Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) activity in equine synovial fluid: influence of age, joint pathology, exercise and repeated arthrocentesis","volume":"36","author":"Brama PA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brama PA, van den Boom R, DeGroott J, Kiers GH, van Weeren PR. Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) activity in equine synovial fluid: influence of age, joint pathology, exercise and repeated arthrocentesis. Equine Vet J. 2004;36(1):34\u201340. doi:10.2746\/0425164044864705"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"155","article-title":"The influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on matrix metalloproteinase and tumour necrosis factor alpha activities in normal equine joints","volume":"36","author":"van den Boom R","year":"2004","unstructured":"van den Boom R, Brama PA, Kiers GH, DeGroot J, Barneveld A, van Weeren RR. The influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on matrix metalloproteinase and tumour necrosis factor alpha activities in normal equine joints. Equine Vet J. 2004;36(2):155\u2013159. doi:10.2746\/0425164044868602"},{"issue":"9","key":"B22","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Synovial cytokines significantly correlate with osteoarthritis-related knee pain and disability: inflammatory mediators of potential clinical relevance","volume":"8","author":"Nees TA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nees TA, Rosshirt N, Zhang JA, et al. Synovial cytokines significantly correlate with osteoarthritis-related knee pain and disability: inflammatory mediators of potential clinical relevance. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1343. doi:10.3390\/jcm8091343"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"B23","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"242","article-title":"Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses","volume":"127","author":"Wagner B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wagner B, Freer H. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2009;127(3\u20134):242\u2013248. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.313"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"110058","article-title":"Alterations of peripheral gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis as a model for inflammation in horses","volume":"225","author":"Page AE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Page AE, Adam E, Stewart JC, Gonzales C, Barker V, Horohov DW. Alterations of peripheral gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis as a model for inflammation in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2020;225:110058. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110058"},{"issue":"9","key":"B25","series-title":"Autophagy","first-page":"2082","article-title":"Mitophagy in degenerative joint diseases","volume":"17","author":"Sun K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun K, Jing X, Guo J, Yao X, Guo F. Mitophagy in degenerative joint diseases. Autophagy. 2021;17(9):2082\u20132092. doi:10.1080\/15548627.2020.1822097"},{"issue":"11","key":"B26","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0143865","article-title":"Lithium chloride dependent glycogen synthase kinase 3 inactivation links oxidative DNA damage, hypertrophy and senescence in human articular chondrocytes and reproduces chondrocyte phenotype of obese osteoarthritis patients","volume":"10","author":"Guidotti S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guidotti S, Minguzzi M, Platano D, et al. Lithium chloride dependent glycogen synthase kinase 3 inactivation links oxidative DNA damage, hypertrophy and senescence in human articular chondrocytes and reproduces chondrocyte phenotype of obese osteoarthritis patients. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0143865. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0143865"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Ageing Res Rev","first-page":"101249","article-title":"The role of metabolism in chondrocyte dysfunction and the progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Zheng L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng L, Zhang Z, Sheng P, Mobasheri A. The role of metabolism in chondrocyte dysfunction and the progression of osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;66:101249. doi:10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101249"},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Chem Biol Interact","first-page":"110148","article-title":"Astaxanthin attenuates osteoarthritis progression via inhibiting ferroptosis and regulating mitochondrial function in chondrocytes","volume":"366","author":"Wang X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu Z, Peng P, Gong Z, Huang J, Peng H. Astaxanthin attenuates osteoarthritis progression via inhibiting ferroptosis and regulating mitochondrial function in chondrocytes. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;366:110148. doi:10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110148"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"104164","article-title":"Evaluating the safety of intra-articular mitotherapy in the equine model: a potential novel treatment for osteoarthritis","volume":"120","author":"Cassano JM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cassano JM, Marycz K, Horna M, et al. Evaluating the safety of intra-articular mitotherapy in the equine model: a potential novel treatment for osteoarthritis. J Equine Vet Sci. 2023;120:104164. doi:10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104164"},{"issue":"6","key":"B30","series-title":"Stem Cell Rev and Rep","first-page":"2195","article-title":"Artificial mitochondrial transfer (AMT) for the management of age-related musculoskeletal degenerative disorders: an emerging avenue for bone and cartilage metabolism regulation","volume":"18","author":"Bourebaba L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bourebaba L, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Galuppo L, Marycz K. Artificial mitochondrial transfer (AMT) for the management of age-related musculoskeletal degenerative disorders: an emerging avenue for bone and cartilage metabolism regulation. Stem Cell Rev and Rep. 2022;18(6):2195\u20132201. doi:10.1007\/s12015-022-10357-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","series-title":"Cell Commun Signal","first-page":"137","article-title":"Mitochondria transfer restores fibroblasts-like synoviocytes (FLS) plasticity in LPS-induced, in vitro synovitis model","volume":"20","author":"Kornicka-Garbowska K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kornicka-Garbowska K, Groborz S, Lynda B, Galuppo L, Marycz K. Mitochondria transfer restores fibroblasts-like synoviocytes (FLS) plasticity in LPS-induced, in vitro synovitis model. Cell Commun Signal. 2022;20(1):137. doi:10.1186\/s12964-022-00923-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"B32","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0198531","article-title":"Presentation matters: impact of association of amphiphilic LPS with serum carrier proteins on innate immune signaling","volume":"13","author":"Stromberg LR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stromberg LR, Mendez HM, Kubicek-Sutherland JZ, Graves SW, Hengartner NW, Mukundan H. Presentation matters: impact of association of amphiphilic LPS with serum carrier proteins on innate immune signaling. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198531. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0198531"},{"issue":"7","key":"B33","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"693","article-title":"In vivo effects of meloxicam on inflammatory mediators, MMP activity and cartilage biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis","volume":"41","author":"de Grauw JC","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Grauw JC, van de Lest CH, Brama PA, Rambags BP, van Weeren PR. In vivo effects of meloxicam on inflammatory mediators, MMP activity and cartilage biomarkers in equine joints with acute synovitis. Equine Vet J. 2009;41(7):693\u2013699. doi:10.2746\/042516409x436286"},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev","first-page":"3718468","article-title":"Macroautophagy and selective mitophagy ameliorate chondrogenic differentiation potential in adipose stem cells of equine metabolic syndrome: new findings in the field of progenitor cells differentiation","volume":"2016","author":"Marycz K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marycz K, Kornicka K, Grzesiak J, et al. Macroautophagy and selective mitophagy ameliorate chondrogenic differentiation potential in adipose stem cells of equine metabolic syndrome: new findings in the field of progenitor cells differentiation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:3718468. doi:10.1155\/2017\/3861790"},{"issue":"1","key":"B35","series-title":"Transfusion","first-page":"178","article-title":"Cold storage of platelets in platelet additive solution maintains mitochondrial integrity by limiting initiation of apoptosis-mediated pathways","volume":"61","author":"Reddoch-Cardenas KM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reddoch-Cardenas KM, Peltier GC, Chance TC, et al. Cold storage of platelets in platelet additive solution maintains mitochondrial integrity by limiting initiation of apoptosis-mediated pathways. Transfusion. 2021;61(1):178\u2013190. doi:10.1111\/trf.16185"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse","first-page":"72","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross MW. Diagnosis of Lameness. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. Elsevier. 2011; 72."},{"issue":"4","key":"B37","series-title":"Methods","first-page":"402","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak KJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402\u2013408. doi:10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"issue":"48","key":"B38","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"9971","article-title":"Maternal immune activation during pregnancy alters postnatal brain growth and cognitive development in nonhuman primate offspring","volume":"41","author":"Vlasova RM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vlasova RM, Iosif AM, Ryan AM, et al. Maternal immune activation during pregnancy alters postnatal brain growth and cognitive development in nonhuman primate offspring. J Neurosci. 2021;41(48):9971\u20139987. doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0378-21.2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"B39","series-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med","first-page":"776","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in \u03b1 cells and hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes via SIRT1\/FoxO3a signaling","volume":"13","author":"Song J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song J, Wang L, Wang L, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in \u03b1 cells and hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes via SIRT1\/FoxO3a signaling. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2024;13(8):776\u2013790. doi:10.1093\/stcltm\/szae038"},{"issue":"5","key":"B40","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"675","article-title":"Stem cells in equine veterinary practice-current trends, risks, and perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Kornicka K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kornicka K, Geburek F, R\u00f6cken M, Marycz K. Stem cells in equine veterinary practice-current trends, risks, and perspectives. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):675. doi:10.3390\/jcm8050675"},{"issue":"8","key":"B41","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1955","article-title":"The concentration of plasma provides additional bioactive proteins in platelet and autologous protein solutions","volume":"47","author":"Muir SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muir SM, Reisbig N, Baria M, Kaeding C, Bertone AL. The concentration of plasma provides additional bioactive proteins in platelet and autologous protein solutions. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(8):1955\u20131963. doi:10.1177\/0363546519849671"},{"issue":"3","key":"B42","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"806","article-title":"Single injection of intra-articular autologous protein solution in horses with acute interleukin-1B-induced synovitis decreases joint pathology scores","volume":"57","author":"Usimaki A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Usimaki A, Ciamillo SA, Barot D, Linardi RL, Engiles JB, Ortved KF. Single injection of intra-articular autologous protein solution in horses with acute interleukin-1B-induced synovitis decreases joint pathology scores. Equine Vet J. 2025;57(3):806\u2013816. doi:10.1111\/evj.14203"},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Immuno\u00adhistochemical analysis of an equine model of synovitis-induced arthritis","volume":"57","author":"Todhunter PG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Todhunter PG, Kincaid SA, Todhunter RJ, et al. Immuno\u00adhistochemical analysis of an equine model of synovitis-induced arthritis. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57:1080\u20131093."},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"28","article-title":"Disposition and effect of intra-articularly administered dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide induced equine synovitis","volume":"61","author":"Ekstrand C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekstrand C, Bondesson U, Giving E, et al. Disposition and effect of intra-articularly administered dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide induced equine synovitis. Acta Vet Scand. 2019;61:28."},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human interleukin 10 suppresses production of inflammatory mediators by LPS-stimulated equine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"66","author":"Hawkins DL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hawkins DL, MacKay RJ, MacKay SL, et al. Human interleukin 10 suppresses production of inflammatory mediators by LPS-stimulated equine peritoneal macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;66:1\u201310."},{"key":"B46","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"2583","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 controls acute immune complex driven arthritis in mice by regulating the inhibitory Fc\u03b3 receptor IIB","volume":"65","author":"Abdollahi-Roodsaz S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Koenders MI, Walgreen B, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 controls acute immune complex driven arthritis in mice by regulating the inhibitory Fc\u03b3 receptor IIB. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2583\u20132593."},{"key":"B47","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"69","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of intra-articular administration of morphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis","volume":"71","author":"Lindegaard C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lindegaard C, Gleerup KB, Thomsen MH, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of intra-articular administration of morphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71:69\u201375."},{"key":"B48","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"528","article-title":"Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses","volume":"30","author":"Bertone AL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bertone AL, Palmer JL, Jones J. Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses. Vet Surg. 2001;30:528\u2013538."},{"key":"B49","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"141","article-title":"Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses","volume":"75","author":"Bertone AL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bertone AL, Ishihara A, Zekas LJ, et al. Evaluation of a single intra-articular injection of autologous protein solution for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2014;75:141\u2013151."},{"key":"B50","series-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol","first-page":"123","article-title":"The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Lipsky PE","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lipsky PE, Davis LS, Cush JJ, et al. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1989;11:123\u2013162."},{"key":"B51","series-title":"J Anim Sci","first-page":"184","article-title":"Effects of repeated arthrocentesis on systemic cytokine expression and leukocyte population in young horses challenged with intra articular lipopolysaccharide","volume":"97","author":"Hunt CL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hunt CL, Leatherwood JL, Coverdale JA, et al. Effects of repeated arthrocentesis on systemic cytokine expression and leukocyte population in young horses challenged with intra articular lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci. 2019;97:184\u2013191."},{"key":"B52","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"941","article-title":"Effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 on equine mesenchymal stem cell monolayer expansion and chondrogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Stewart AA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stewart AA, Byron CR, Pondenis H, et al. Effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 on equine mesenchymal stem cell monolayer expansion and chondrogenesis. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68:941\u2013945."},{"key":"B53","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"693","article-title":"Cytokine and catabolic enzyme expression in synovium, synovial fluid and articular cartilage of naturally osteoarthritic equine carpi","volume":"42","author":"Kamm JL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kamm JL, Nixon AJ, Witte TH. Cytokine and catabolic enzyme expression in synovium, synovial fluid and articular cartilage of naturally osteoarthritic equine carpi. Equine Vet J. 2010;42:693\u2013699."},{"key":"B54","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"961","article-title":"The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM gene expression in human chondrocytes by interleukin-1 and oncostatin M: a time-course study using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction","volume":"46","author":"Koshy PJT","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koshy PJT, Lundy CJ, Rowan AD, et al. The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM gene expression in human chondrocytes by interleukin-1 and oncostatin M: a time-course study using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:961\u2013967."},{"key":"B55","series-title":"Biorheology","first-page":"95","article-title":"Effects of shear stress on articular chondrocyte metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Lane Smith R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lane Smith R, Trindade MC, Ikenoue T, et al. Effects of shear stress on articular chondrocyte metabolism. Biorheology. 2000;37:95\u2013107."},{"key":"B56","series-title":"Inflamm Res","first-page":"39","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of corticosteroids on the expression of matrix-related genes in normal and cytokine-treated articular chondrocytes","volume":"52","author":"Richardson DW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richardson DW, Dodge GR. Dose-dependent effects of corticosteroids on the expression of matrix-related genes in normal and cytokine-treated articular chondrocytes. Inflamm Res. 2003;52:39\u201349."},{"key":"B57","series-title":"EMBO J","first-page":"2676","article-title":"OPA1-dependent cristae modulation is essential for cellular adaptation to metabolic demand","volume":"33","author":"Patten DA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patten DA, Wong J, Khacho M, et al. OPA1-dependent cristae modulation is essential for cellular adaptation to metabolic demand. EMBO J. 2014;33:2676\u20132691."},{"key":"B58","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"13843","article-title":"Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission","volume":"284","author":"Dagda RK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dagda RK, Cherra SJ, Kulich SM, et al. Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:13843\u201313855."},{"key":"B59","series-title":"JCI Insight","article-title":"Macrophage proliferation distinguishes 2 subgroups of knee osteoarthritis patients","volume":"4","author":"Wood MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wood MJ, Leckenby A, Reynolds G, et al. Macrophage proliferation distinguishes 2 subgroups of knee osteoarthritis patients. JCI Insight. 2019;4."},{"key":"B60","series-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol","first-page":"258","article-title":"Synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis progression","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez-Lopez E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanchez-Lopez E, Coras R, Torres A, et al. Synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis progression. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18:258\u2013275."},{"key":"B61","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"146","article-title":"Sample-size calculation for repeated-measures and longitudinal studies","volume":"147","author":"Guo Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo Y, Pandis N. Sample-size calculation for repeated-measures and longitudinal studies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:146\u2013149."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.05.0187.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.05.0187.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.05.0187.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:28:07Z","timestamp":1762529287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/11\/ajvr.25.05.0187.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.05.0187","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}