{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:11:05Z","timestamp":1764601865316,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure and compare CSF cytokine concentrations among horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy (eNAD)\/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), horses with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM), and control horses and to evaluate for associations with clinical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Banked equine CSF samples from horses with neurologic disease that underwent a complete neurologic examination and postmortem diagnosis confirmation of CVSM or eNAD\/EDM or from control horses were included. Cytokines were measured with an equine-specific cytokine\/chemokine magnetic bead multiplex panel (23-cytokine multiplex). Results were compared between groups, and correlations with clinical parameters were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 35 horses with CVSM, 35 horses with eNAD\/EDM, and 8 control horses were analyzed. Most cytokines analyzed were below the lower limit of detection in the majority of samples. Eotaxin, IL-10, interferon-\u03b3\u2013induced protein 10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor\u2013\u03b1 were detectable in 5 or more samples; however, concentrations were not different between groups. Increasing sample volume or using a commercial protein-concentrating column did not enhance cytokine recovery. In horses with eNAD\/EDM, IL-10 concentrations correlated with CSF phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This commercial cytokine assay was unable to distinguish between CVSM and eNAD\/EDM based on CSF cytokine profiles in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimization of a more sensitive assay is warranted as CSF cytokine concentrations have high potential to be used as biomarkers to characterize neuroinflammation in equine neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T13:21:28Z","timestamp":1757078488000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Commercial cytokine assay on equine cerebrospinal fluid does not distinguish equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy from cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0358-0698","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Flavie","family":"Payette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeaneen C.","family":"Kulp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Diagnostic Solutions, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Janes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Diagnostic Solutions, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kindra","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ruby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Stefanovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"277","article-title":"Neurologic conditions affecting the equine athlete","author":"Bedenice D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bedenice D, Johnson AL. Neurologic conditions affecting the equine athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2018;34(2):277\u2013297. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.006"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"63","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: prevalence, impact, and management","author":"Burns EN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burns EN, Finno CJ. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: prevalence, impact, and management. Vet Med (Auckl). 2018;9:63\u201367. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S148542"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"491","article-title":"Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","author":"Reed SM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reed SM, Furr M, Howe DK, et al. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(2):491\u2013502. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13834"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"249","article-title":"Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis","author":"MacKay RJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"MacKay RJ, Howe DK. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2022;38(2):249\u2013268. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.05.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"213","article-title":"Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy and degenerative myeloencephalopathy","author":"Finno CJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finno CJ, Johnson AL. Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy and degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2022;38(2):213\u2013224. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"596","article-title":"Indirect fluorescent antibody test and surface antigen ELISAs for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis","author":"Johnson AL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson AL, Morrow JK, Sweeney RW. Indirect fluorescent antibody test and surface antigen ELISAs for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27(3):596\u2013599. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12061"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"290","article-title":"Serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy protein concentrations in equine neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Edwards LA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edwards LA, Donnelly CG, Reed SM, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy protein concentrations in equine neurodegenerative diseases. Equine Vet J. 2022;54(2):290\u2013298. doi:10.1111\/evj.13452"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Measurement of 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of horses with neuroaxonal degeneration and other causes of proprioceptive ataxia","author":"Palmisano M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palmisano M, Kulp J, Bender S, Stefanovski D, Robinson M, Johnson A. Measurement of 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of horses with neuroaxonal degeneration and other causes of proprioceptive ataxia. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(2):1207\u20131213. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16988"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"6","article-title":"The role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of spontaneous canine CNS diseases","author":"Spitzbarth I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spitzbarth I, Baumg\u00e4rtner W, Beineke A. The role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of spontaneous canine CNS diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012;147(1\u20132):6\u201324. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.04.005"},{"issue":"8","key":"B10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Comparative analysis of cytokine gene expression in cerebrospinal fluid of horses without neurologic signs or with selected neurologic disorders","author":"Pusterla N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pusterla N, Wilson WD, Conrad PA, Mapes S, Leutenegger CM. Comparative analysis of cytokine gene expression in cerebrospinal fluid of horses without neurologic signs or with selected neurologic disorders. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67(8):1433\u20131437. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.67.8.1433"},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"721","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta concentrations and interferon gamma responses in cerebrospinal fluid of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis","author":"Furr M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Furr M, Pontzer C. Transforming growth factor beta concentrations and interferon gamma responses in cerebrospinal fluid of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Equine Vet J. 2001;33(7):721\u2013725. doi:10.2746\/042516401776249408"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"689","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteomic profiles accurately distinguish neuroaxonal dystrophy from cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy in horses","author":"Donnelly CG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donnelly CG, Johnson AL, Reed S, Finno CJ. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteomic profiles accurately distinguish neuroaxonal dystrophy from cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(2):689\u2013696. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16660"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"B13","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spinal cord disease in the horse","author":"Mayhew IG","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mayhew IG, deLahunta A, Whitlock RH, Krook L, Tasker JB. Spinal cord disease in the horse. Cornell Vet. 1978;68(suppl 6):1\u2013207."},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"944","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in horses with cervical articular process joint osteoarthritis on standing cone beam computed tomography","author":"Brown KA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown KA, Davidson EJ, Johnson AL, Wulster KB, Ortved K. Inflammatory cytokines in horses with cervical articular process joint osteoarthritis on standing cone beam computed tomography. Equine Vet J. 2021;53(5):944\u2013954. doi:10.1111\/evj.13392"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine profiles of aqueous humor and serum in horses with uveitis measured using multiplex bead immunoassay analysis","author":"Curto E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Curto E, Messenger KM, Salmon JH, Gilger BC. Cytokine and chemokine profiles of aqueous humor and serum in horses with uveitis measured using multiplex bead immunoassay analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2016;182:43\u201351. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.09.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics","first-page":"165","article-title":"The proteomic toolbox for studying cerebrospinal fluid","author":"van Gool AJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Gool AJ, Hendrickson RC. The proteomic toolbox for studying cerebrospinal fluid. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2012;9(2):165\u2013179. doi:10.1586\/epr.12.6"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols","first-page":"233","article-title":"Monitoring the cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profile using membrane-based antibody arrays","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Morales A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Morales A, Lach\u00e9n-Montes M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Irigoyen J, Santamar\u00eda E. Monitoring the cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profile using membrane-based antibody arrays. In: Enrique Santamar\u00eda JFI, ed. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols. Springer Nature; 2019:233\u2013246."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Veterinary Immunology: Principles and Practice","author":"Day MJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Day MJ, Schultz RD. Veterinary Immunology: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis; 2014."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Front Biosci","first-page":"4682","article-title":"Cytokine quantitation: technologies and applications","author":"Sachdeva N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sachdeva N, Asthana D. Cytokine quantitation: technologies and applications. Front Biosci. 2007;12:4682\u20134695. doi:10.2741\/2418"},{"issue":"15","key":"B20","series-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)","first-page":"e2004433","article-title":"Cytokines: from clinical significance to quantification","author":"Liu C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Chu D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, George J, Young HA, Liu G. Cytokines: from clinical significance to quantification. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021;8(15):e2004433. doi:10.1002\/advs.202004433"},{"issue":"6","key":"B21","series-title":"Inflammopharmacology","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Dhapola R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhapola R, Hota SS, Sarma P, Bhattacharyya A, Medhi B, Reddy DH. Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Inflammopharmacology. 2021;29(6):1669\u20131681. doi:10.1007\/s10787-021-00889-6"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"2122","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokine aberrations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Chen X","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen X, Hu Y, Cao Z, Liu Q, Cheng Y. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokine aberrations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2122. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02122"},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","series-title":"Exp Gerontol","first-page":"41","article-title":"Growth factors and cytokines\/chemokines as surrogate biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood for diagnosing Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","author":"Olson L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olson L, Humpel C. Growth factors and cytokines\/chemokines as surrogate biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood for diagnosing Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol. 2010;45(1):41\u201346. doi:10.1016\/j.exger.2009.10.011"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Cytokine","first-page":"1","article-title":"Altered CSF cytokine network in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a pathway-based statistical analysis","author":"Mart\u00ednez HR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez HR, Escamilla-Oca\u00f1as CE, Tenorio-Pedraza JM, et al. Altered CSF cytokine network in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a pathway-based statistical analysis. Cytokine. 2017;90:1\u20135. doi:10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.09.022"},{"issue":"9","key":"B25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0136937","article-title":"Elevated levels of IFN-\u03b3 in CSF and serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Liu J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu J, Gao L, Zang D. Elevated levels of IFN-\u03b3 in CSF and serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0136937. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0136937"},{"issue":"1","key":"B26","series-title":"J Neuroinflammation","first-page":"219","article-title":"Cytokine and immune cell profiling in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuro-inflammatory diseases","author":"Lepennetier G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lepennetier G, Hracsko Z, Unger M, et al. Cytokine and immune cell profiling in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuro-inflammatory diseases. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1):219. doi:10.1186\/s12974-019-1601-6"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Cytokine","first-page":"227","article-title":"CSF cytokines\/chemokines as biomarkers in neuroinflammatory CNS disorders: a systematic review","author":"Kothur K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kothur K, Wienholt L, Brilot F, Dale RC. CSF cytokines\/chemokines as biomarkers in neuroinflammatory CNS disorders: a systematic review. Cytokine. 2016;77:227\u2013237. doi:10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.10.001"},{"issue":"11","key":"B28","series-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Intrathecal cytokine profile in neuropathy with anti-neurofascin 155 antibody","author":"Ogata H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogata H, Zhang X, Yamasaki R, et al. Intrathecal cytokine profile in neuropathy with anti-neurofascin 155 antibody. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(11):2304\u20132316. doi:10.1002\/acn3.50931"},{"issue":"8","key":"B29","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0161656","article-title":"Utility of CSF cytokine\/chemokines as markers of active intrathecal inflammation: comparison of demyelinating, anti-NMDAR and enteroviral encephalitis","author":"Kothur K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kothur K, Wienholt L, Mohammad SS, et al. Utility of CSF cytokine\/chemokines as markers of active intrathecal inflammation: comparison of demyelinating, anti-NMDAR and enteroviral encephalitis. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161656. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0161656"},{"issue":"5","key":"B30","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"782","article-title":"CSF B - lymphocyte chemoattractant (CXCL13) in the early diagnosis of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis","author":"Lj\u00f8stad U","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lj\u00f8stad U, Mygland \u00c5. CSF B - lymphocyte chemoattractant (CXCL13) in the early diagnosis of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 2008;255(5):782. doi:10.1007\/s00415-008-0974-8"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Equine Neurology","first-page":"349","article-title":"Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy","author":"Johnson A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson A, Reed S. Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy. In: Sons JW, ed. Equine Neurology. 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2015:349\u2013367."},{"issue":"1","key":"B32","series-title":"Mol Med Today","first-page":"20","article-title":"Eotaxin and eosinophil recruitment: implications for human disease","author":"Rankin SM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rankin SM, Conroy DM, Williams TJ. Eotaxin and eosinophil recruitment: implications for human disease. Mol Med Today. 2000;6(1):20\u201327. doi:10.1016\/S1357-4310(99)01635-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"B33","series-title":"Acta Neurol Belg","first-page":"865","article-title":"Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) in neuroinflammatory disorders and possible role in COVID-19 neurologic complications","author":"Nazarinia D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nazarinia D, Behzadifard M, Gholampour J, Karimi R, Gholampour M. Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) in neuroinflammatory disorders and possible role in COVID-19 neurologic complications. Acta Neurol Belg. 2022;122(4):865\u2013869. doi:10.1007\/s13760-022-01984-3"},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Cytokine","first-page":"154829","article-title":"Thermal stability of cytokines: a review","author":"Simpson S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simpson S, Kaislasuo J, Guller S, Pal L. Thermal stability of cytokines: a review. Cytokine. 2020;125:154829. doi:10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154829"},{"issue":"7","key":"B35","series-title":"Biomolecules","first-page":"1017","article-title":"The regulatory role of IL-10 in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Porro C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Porro C, Cianciulli A, Panaro MA. The regulatory role of IL-10 in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomolecules 2020;10(7):1017. doi:10.3390\/biom10071017"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Curr Res Biotechnol","first-page":"100130","article-title":"Importance of IP-10 as a biomarker of host immune response: critical perspective as a target for biosensing","author":"Madhurantakam S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madhurantakam S, Lee ZJ, Naqvi A, Prasad S. Importance of IP-10 as a biomarker of host immune response: critical perspective as a target for biosensing. Curr Res Biotechnol. 2023;5:100130. doi:10.1016\/j.crbiot.2023.100130"},{"issue":"4","key":"B37","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"538","article-title":"Intrathecal chemokine synthesis in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease","author":"Galimberti D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galimberti D, Schoonenboom N, Scheltens P, et al. Intrathecal chemokine synthesis in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(4):538\u2013543. doi:10.1001\/archneur.63.4.538"},{"issue":"6","key":"B38","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"821","article-title":"Current state of Alzheimer\u2019s fluid biomarkers","author":"Molinuevo JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molinuevo JL, Ayton S, Batrla R, et al. Current state of Alzheimer\u2019s fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;136(6):821\u2013853. doi:10.1007\/s00401-018-1932-x"},{"issue":"18","key":"B39","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in naturally occurring canine spinal cord injury","author":"Taylor AR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor AR, Welsh CJ, Young C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in naturally occurring canine spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(18):1561\u20131569. doi:10.1089\/neu.2014.3405"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B40","series-title":"J Immunol Methods","first-page":"115","article-title":"Measuring cytokine levels in blood: importance of anticoagulants, processing, and storage conditions","author":"Thavasu PW","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thavasu PW, Longhurst S, Joel SP, Slevin ML, Balkwill FR. Measuring cytokine levels in blood: importance of anticoagulants, processing, and storage conditions. J Immunol Methods. 1992;153(1\u20132):115\u2013124. doi:10.1016\/0022-1759(92)90313-I"},{"key":"B41","series-title":"BMC Immunol","first-page":"52","article-title":"Prerequisites for cytokine measurements in clinical trials with multiplex immunoassays","author":"de Jager W","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Jager W, Bourcier K, Rijkers GT, Prakken BJ, Seyfert-Margolis V. Prerequisites for cytokine measurements in clinical trials with multiplex immunoassays. BMC Immunol. 2009;10:52. doi:10.1186\/1471-2172-10-52"},{"issue":"1","key":"B42","series-title":"Cornea","first-page":"89","article-title":"Cytokine dosage in fresh and preserved human amniotic membrane","author":"Bomfim Pereira MG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bomfim Pereira MG, Pereira Gomes JA, Rizzo LV, Cristovam PC, Silveira LC. Cytokine dosage in fresh and preserved human amniotic membrane. Cornea. 2016;35(1):89\u201394. doi:10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000673"},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols","first-page":"27","article-title":"Guidelines for CSF processing and biobanking: impact on the identification and development of optimal CSF protein biomarkers","author":"Hok-A-Hin YS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hok-A-Hin YS, Willemse EAJ, Teunissen CE, Del Campo M. Guidelines for CSF processing and biobanking: impact on the identification and development of optimal CSF protein biomarkers. In: E Santamaria and J Fern\u00e1ndez-Irigoyen, eds. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols. Springer Nature; 2019:27\u201350."},{"issue":"1","key":"B44","series-title":"Methods","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cytokine assays: an assessment of the preparation and treatment of blood and tissue samples","author":"Keustermans GC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keustermans GC, Hoeks SB, Meerding JM, Prakken BJ, de Jager W. Cytokine assays: an assessment of the preparation and treatment of blood and tissue samples. Methods. 2013;61(1):10\u201317. doi:10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.04.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"B45","series-title":"Cytokine","first-page":"228","article-title":"Stability of interleukin 6, soluble interleukin 6 receptor, interleukin 10 and CC16 in human serum","author":"Kenis G","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kenis G, Teunissen C, De Jongh R, Bosmans E, Steinbusch H, Maes M. Stability of interleukin 6, soluble interleukin 6 receptor, interleukin 10 and CC16 in human serum. Cytokine. 2002;19(5):228\u2013235. doi:10.1016\/S1043-4666(02)91961-7"},{"issue":"12","key":"B46","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e76091","article-title":"Baseline levels and temporal stability of 27 multiplexed serum cytokine concentrations in healthy subjects","author":"Biancotto A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biancotto A, Wank A, Perl S, et al. Baseline levels and temporal stability of 27 multiplexed serum cytokine concentrations in healthy subjects. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e76091. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0076091"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0212.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0212.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0212.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:05:05Z","timestamp":1764601505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0212.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0212","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5681"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}