{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:10:51Z","timestamp":1764601851610,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of standard postoperative radiographs for identifying mild tibial torsional malalignment (\u2264 10\u00b0) following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cadaveric hind limbs from medium- to large-breed dogs without radiographic evidence of stifle pathology were used in this ex vivo experimental study. Each limb underwent TPLO, and a custom 3-D\u2013printed guide was used to induce tibial torsion at 0\u00b0, 5\u00b0, and 10\u00b0 in internal and external directions. For each condition, mediolateral and caudocranial postoperative radiographs were obtained. Osteotomy lines and guide pins were digitally masked. Three board-certified small animal surgeons independently reviewed each set to assess the presence, direction, and degree of torsion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>7 hind limbs were used, with 5 sets of radiographs per limb and 35 total sets. Correct identification rates were low when both direction and magnitude were considered. Two surgeons correctly classified 3 of 7 limbs without torsion, and 1 surgeon classified 4 of 7 limbs. Only 1 surgeon correctly classified 3 of 7 limbs with 5\u00b0 internal torsion; for all other conditions, no surgeon correctly classified more than 2 of 7 limbs. When only direction was considered, internal torsion was correctly identified in 2, 4, and 5 of 14 radiographic sets, and external torsion was correctly identified in 3, 3, and 0 of 14 sets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Torsional malalignment of up to 10\u00b0 following TPLO is challenging to detect radiographically, indicating plain radiographs are unreliable for assessing torsional alignment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standard orthogonal radiographs are not reliable for assessing mild torsional malalignment after TPLO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T13:21:21Z","timestamp":1757078481000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standard radiographs are unreliable for detecting mild tibial torsion following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-8555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Parisa","family":"Mazdarani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3886-6673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley E.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Concepts in tibial deformity correction","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petazzoni M. Concepts in tibial deformity correction. In: 17th European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology Congress. European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology; 2014:223\u2013227."},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"371","article-title":"In vitro effects of osteotomy angle and osteotomy reduction on tibial angulation and rotation during the tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy procedure","author":"Wheeler JL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wheeler JL, Cross AR, Gingrich W. In vitro effects of osteotomy angle and osteotomy reduction on tibial angulation and rotation during the tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy procedure. Vet Surg. 2003;32(4):371\u2013377. doi:10.1053\/jvet.2003.50038"},{"issue":"7","key":"B3","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"467","article-title":"CT assessment of torsion following locked intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures","author":"Prasad CVR","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prasad CVR, Khalid M, McCarthy P, O\u2019Sullivan ME. CT assessment of torsion following locked intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures. Injury. 1999;30(7):467\u2013470. doi:10.1016\/S0020-1383(99)00132-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Orthopade","first-page":"18","article-title":"Principles of deformity correction around the knee","author":"Paley D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paley D, Pfeil J. Principles of deformity correction around the knee. Orthopade. 2000;29(1):18\u201338. doi:10.1007\/s001320050004"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"187","article-title":"Femorotibial kinematics in dogs treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: an in vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking","author":"Tinga S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, et al. Femorotibial kinematics in dogs treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: an in vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):187\u2013199. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13356"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"777","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine","author":"Slocum B","year":"1993","unstructured":"Slocum B, Slocum T. Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23(4):777\u2013795. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50082-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"278","article-title":"Effect of tibial plateau leveling on cranial and caudal tibial thrusts in canine cranial cruciate-deficient stifles: an in vitro experimental study","author":"Warzee CC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Warzee CC, Dejardin LM, Arnoczky SP, Perry RL. Effect of tibial plateau leveling on cranial and caudal tibial thrusts in canine cranial cruciate-deficient stifles: an in vitro experimental study. Vet Surg. 2001;30(3):278\u2013286. doi:10.1053\/jvet.2001.21400"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"465","article-title":"Effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy on femorotibial subluxation: in vivo analysis during standing","author":"Kim SE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim SE, Lewis DD, Pozzi A. Effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy on femorotibial subluxation: in vivo analysis during standing. Vet Surg. 2012;41(4):465\u2013470. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.00973.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"831","article-title":"Meniscal injuries","author":"Flo GL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Flo GL. Meniscal injuries. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23(4):831\u2013843. doi:10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50085-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"B10","series-title":"J Orthop Res","first-page":"630","article-title":"EMG profiles of knee joint musculature during walking: changes induced by anterior cruciate ligament deficiency","author":"Limbird TJ","year":"1988","unstructured":"Limbird TJ, Shiavi R, Frazer M, Borra H. EMG profiles of knee joint musculature during walking: changes induced by anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. J Orthop Res. 1988;6(5):630\u2013638. doi:10.1002\/jor.1100060503"},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"144","article-title":"Biomechanics of tibial plateau leveling of the canine cruciate-deficient stifle joint: a theoretical model","author":"Shahar R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shahar R, Milgram J. Biomechanics of tibial plateau leveling of the canine cruciate-deficient stifle joint: a theoretical model. Vet Surg. 2006;35(2):144\u2013149. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00125.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog","author":"Apelt D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Apelt D, Kowaleski MP, Dyce J. Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Surg. 2005;34(5):457\u2013462. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.t01-2-.x-i1"},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"187","article-title":"Computed tomographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog","author":"Aper R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aper R, Kowaleski MP, Apelt D, Drost WT, Dyce J. Computed tomographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. 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Accessed August 27, 2025. https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US5578038A"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"228","article-title":"Does use of a jig influence the precision of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy surgery?","author":"Bell JC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bell JC, Ness MG. Does use of a jig influence the precision of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy surgery? Vet Surg. 2007;36(3):228\u2013233. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00254.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"85","article-title":"Femorotibial kinematics in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: a three-dimensional in-vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking","author":"Tinga S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, et al. Femorotibial kinematics in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: a three-dimensional in-vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):85. doi:10.1186\/s12917-018-1395-2"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0214.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0214.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0214.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:05:02Z","timestamp":1764601502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0214.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0214","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5681"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}