{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:11:07Z","timestamp":1764601867005,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate 2 immersion anesthesia protocols in adult ramshorn snails.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this experimental study, adult ramshorn snails were immersed in ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. In the pilot phase, ethanol (2.5% to 20%) or isopropyl alcohol (1% to 10%) were evaluated. Subsequently, in a randomized, blinded, complete crossover study with an 11-day washout period, ethanol 5% and isopropyl alcohol 2.5% were compared. Anesthesia parameters were recorded every 5 minutes, and data were compared using nonparametric tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ethanol 20% and isopropyl alcohol 10% resulted in 100% mortality (n = 8) within 2 days of the pilot trials. Ethanol 5% and isopropyl alcohol 2.5% immersion achieved anesthesia within 75 minutes in all snails (n = 16). The median time to induction was faster for ethanol than isopropyl alcohol (median, 35 [15 to 75 minutes] and median, 42.5 [30 to 75 minutes], respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .009), and the median time to return of normal movement was faster for isopropyl alcohol than ethanol (median, 17 [8 to 46 minutes] and median, 22 [8 to 110 minutes], respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005). There was no difference in time to first movement between protocols (isopropyl alcohol median, 9 [6 to 16 minutes]; ethanol median, 9.5 [6 to 22 minutes];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .8). Adverse effects were limited to mild to moderate mucus production with both protocols (28%; n = 9).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethanol (5%) and isopropyl alcohol (2.5%) are effective and safe anesthetics for ramshorn snails.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Isopropyl alcohol is widely available, representing a simple and effective protocol for immersion anesthesia in this species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T17:44:37Z","timestamp":1758217477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethanol (5%) and isopropyl alcohol (2.5%) are effective and safe immersion anesthetics for ramshorn snails (Planorbarius corneus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Davidson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Scagnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-0994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Aquaculture","first-page":"166","article-title":"Development of a captive breeding program for the Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa: relaxation and sex ratio recommendations","author":"Garr AL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garr AL, Posch H, Mcquillan M, Davis M. 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