{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T02:37:10Z","timestamp":1770172630088,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To obtain pharmacokinetic data of a single dose of buprenorphine administered to ferrets via IM or oral transmucosal (OTM) routes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this experimental pharmacokinetic study, domestic ferrets in a laboratory setting were randomly assigned to a treatment group of either 0.04 mg\/kg of buprenorphine (0.3 mg\/mL) administered IM or OTM. After a 10-day washout period, each ferret received buprenorphine via the other route of administration. Blood was collected prior to and 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, 360, 480, and 720 minutes following drug administration for pharmacokinetic analysis. Ferrets were excluded from the study if their vascular access buttons became nonfunctional before the end of the study. Ferrets were monitored for side effects, including increased salivation, decreased defecation, and sedation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 8 female domestic ferrets were used to calculate pharmacokinetic profiles. Mean maximum plasma concentration and time to maximum concentration were 5.03 ng\/mL and 0.13 hours, respectively, for the IM route of administration. The mean terminal half-lives were 2.77 and 0.715 hours for IM and OTM routes of administration, respectively. Mild sedation was noted in most animals regardless of route of administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on effective buprenorphine plasma concentrations in dogs (0.6 ng\/mL), OTM buprenorphine at a dose of 0.04 mg\/kg likely provides short-term analgesia to ferrets when compared to the IM route, but administration via either OTM or IM route appears safe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OTM and IM buprenorphine both reached theoretically analgesic plasma levels in ferrets, but a short half-life may limit clinical applications of the OTM route.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:40:31Z","timestamp":1761741631000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral transmucosal buprenorphine provides short-term potential analgesia to domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) when compared to intramuscular buprenorphine"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0984-9003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelsey M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Divers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7597-8104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan","family":"Partyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nia","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmacology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2024","unstructured":"U.S. pet ownership statistics. AVMA. Accessed February 24, 2024. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources-tools\/reports-statistics\/us-pet-ownership-statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"382","article-title":"Meloxicam pharmacokinetics using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling in ferrets after single subcutaneous administration","author":"Chinnadurai SK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chinnadurai SK, Messenger KM, Papich MG, Harms CA. Meloxicam pharmacokinetics using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling in ferrets after single subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2014;37(4):382\u2013387. doi:10.1111\/jvp.12099"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"152","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of hydrmorphone hydrochloride after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)","author":"Hech B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hech B, Knych H, Desprez I, Weiner D, Ambros B. Pharmacokinetics of hydrmorphone hydrochloride after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2024;51(2):152\u2013159. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2023.11.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","first-page":"95","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of single-dose buprenorphine, butorphanol, and hydromorphone in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)","author":"Katzenbach JE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katzenbach JE, Wittenburg LA, Allweiler SI, Gustafson DL, Johnston MS. 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