{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:27:59Z","timestamp":1789093679794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to investigate\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      seroprevalence and associated risk factors in free-roaming cats from 2 endemic regions: north central Oklahoma and eastern Tennessee.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seroprevalence was determined using frozen serum samples from trap, neuter, release programs in Tennessee (n = 426) and Oklahoma (200) from 2013 to 2024. For Tennessee samples, those with complete signalment information were included. For Oklahoma samples, no demographic information was available. An anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin G antibody enzyme immunoassay was used to evaluate for the presence of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin G, and results were categorized as positive, intermediate, or negative. The Fisher exact test was used to assess risk factor associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 51 of 626 (8.1%) tested positive or intermediate, and 575 of 626 (91.9%) were negative. Of the samples from Tennessee, 24 of 403 (6.0%) were seropositive. From Oklahoma, 4 of 200 (2.0%) were seropositive. Of 47 Tennessee samples with positive or intermediate results, the median was 10.3 ELISA units\/mL (EU; range, 8 to 31.1; positive, \u2265 10.0 EU), and of 4 Oklahoma samples with positive or intermediate results, the median was 20.3 EU (range, 18.8 to 22.6). There was no association between retrovirus infection, sex, pregnancy status, or presence of injury\/disease and\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study is the first to document seropositivity of this regionally endemic fungus in free-roaming cats. Additional studies are encouraged to evaluate if similar seroprevalence is seen in indoor cats and if seropositivity is associated with clinical infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Given the reported seroprevalence of histoplasmosis in felines, continued monitoring for\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection by veterinary practitioners is warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T13:21:26Z","timestamp":1757078486000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Histoplasma capsulatum seroprevalence in free-roaming cats from 2 endemic regions"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4854-7140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jillian Myers","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hanzlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Weisent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-3591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Innovative Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Courtney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"380","article-title":"Deep mycotic infections in cats","author":"Davies C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Davies C, Troy CC. Deep mycotic infections in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1996;32(5):380\u2013391. doi:10.5326\/15473317-32-5-380"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Sykes JE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sykes JE, Greene CE. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Virulence","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Pathogenicity & virulence of Histoplasma capsulatum - a multifaceted organism adapted to intracellular environments","author":"Valdez AF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valdez AF, Miranda DZ, Nimrichter L, Nosanchuk JD. Pathogenicity & virulence of Histoplasma capsulatum - a multifaceted organism adapted to intracellular environments. Virulence. 2022;13(1):1900\u20131919. doi:10.1080\/21505594.2022.2137987"},{"issue":"12","key":"B4","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"841","article-title":"Feline histoplasmosis: fluconazole therapy and identification of potential sources of Histoplasma species exposure","author":"Reinhart JM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reinhart JM, KuKanich KS, Jackson T, Harkin KR. Feline histoplasmosis: fluconazole therapy and identification of potential sources of Histoplasma species exposure. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(12):841\u2013848. doi:10.1177\/1098612X12452494"},{"issue":"10","key":"B5","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"887","article-title":"Feline histoplasmosis presenting with bone and joint involvement: clinical and diagnostic findings in 25 cats","author":"Fielder SE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fielder SE, Rizzi TE, Hanzlicek AS, Hallman RM. Feline histoplasmosis presenting with bone and joint involvement: clinical and diagnostic findings in 25 cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2019;21(10):887\u2013892. doi:10.1177\/1098612X18806706"},{"issue":"8","key":"B6","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"512","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of urine Histoplasma capsulatum antigen measurement in cats with suspected disseminated histoplasmosis","author":"Cook AK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook AK, Cunningham LY, Cowell AK, Wheat LJ. Clinical evaluation of urine Histoplasma capsulatum antigen measurement in cats with suspected disseminated histoplasmosis. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14(8):512\u2013515. doi:10.1177\/1098612X12450121"},{"issue":"5","key":"B7","series-title":"J Fungi (Basel)","first-page":"367","article-title":"The consequences of our changing environment on life threatening and debilitating fungal diseases in humans","author":"Van Rhijn N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Rhijn N, Bromley M. The consequences of our changing environment on life threatening and debilitating fungal diseases in humans. J Fungi (Basel). 2021;7(5):367. doi:10.3390\/jof7050367"},{"issue":"11","key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Disseminated histoplasmosis in cats: 12 cases (1981\u20131986)","author":"Clinkenbeard KD","year":"1987","unstructured":"Clinkenbeard KD, Cowell RL, Tyler RD. Disseminated histoplasmosis in cats: 12 cases (1981\u20131986). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;190(11):1445\u20131448. doi:10.2460\/javma.1987.190.11.1445"},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"Clinical Infect Dis","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: time to redraw the map and up our game","author":"McKinsey DS","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKinsey DS, Pappas PG. Histoplasmosis: time to redraw the map and up our game. Clinical Infect Dis. 2020;70(6):1011\u20131013. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciz327"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Cat care by life stage","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cat care by life stage. International Cat Care. 2025. Accessed April 28, 2025. https:\/\/icatcare.org\/cat-advice\/cat-life-stages"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay and immunodiffusion for detection of anti-Histoplasma antibodies in serum from cats and dogs","author":"Tims R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tims R, Hanzlicek AS, Nafe L, Durkin MM, Smith-Davis J, Wheat LJ. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay and immunodiffusion for detection of anti-Histoplasma antibodies in serum from cats and dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2023;37(3):1007\u20131014. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16726"},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"306","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of Histoplasma antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay","author":"Cunningham L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunningham L, Cook A, Hanzlicek A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of Histoplasma antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2015;51(5):306\u2013310. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6202"},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"182","article-title":"Feline histoplasmosis: a retrospective study of 22 cases (1986\u20132009)","author":"Aulakh HK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aulakh HK, Aulakh KS, Troy G. Feline histoplasmosis: a retrospective study of 22 cases (1986\u20132009). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2012;48(3):182\u2013187. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5758"},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"310","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of histoplasmosis identified in the spleen in 115 cats","author":"Atiee G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atiee G, Kvitko-White H, Spaulding K, Johnson M. Ultrasonographic appearance of histoplasmosis identified in the spleen in 115 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014;55(3):310\u2013314. doi:10.1111\/vru.12127"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Sykes JE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sykes JE. Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 5th ed. W.B. Saunders; 2022."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)","first-page":"113","article-title":"HIV-associated histoplasmosis: current perspectives","author":"Myint T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myint T, Leedy N, Villacorta Cari E, Wheat LJ. HIV-associated histoplasmosis: current perspectives. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2020;19:113\u2013125. doi:10.2147\/HIV.S185631"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"110678","article-title":"Topics on maternal, fetal and neonatal immunology of dogs and cats","author":"Pereira KHNP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pereira KHNP, Fuchs KDM, Mendon\u00e7a JC, Xavier GM, Knupp FC, Louren\u00e7o MLG. Topics on maternal, fetal and neonatal immunology of dogs and cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2023;266:110678. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110678"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Canine and Feline Infectious Disease","author":"Sykes JE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sykes JE. Canine and Feline Infectious Disease. Elsevier; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"JFMS Open Rep","first-page":"2055116919841689","article-title":"Presumed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with pregnancy in a cat","author":"Kopke MA","year":"20 19","unstructured":"Kopke MA, Pemberton S, Ruaux CG. Presumed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with pregnancy in a cat. JFMS Open Rep. 20 19;5(1):2055116919841689. doi:10.1177\/2055116919841689"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Review of histoplasmosis in animals","author":"Wheat LJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wheat LJ, Renschler JS. Review of histoplasmosis in animals. MiraVistaVets.com. MiraVista Veterinary Diagnostics. 2016. Accessed April 1, 2025. https:\/\/miravistavets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/REVIEW-HISTO-ANIMALS-031318.pdf"},{"issue":"12","key":"B21","series-title":"Ophthal-\u00admology","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Blindness from presumed ocular histoplasmosis in Tennessee","author":"Feman SS","year":"1982","unstructured":"Feman SS, Podgorski SF, Penn MK. Blindness from presumed ocular histoplasmosis in Tennessee. Ophthal-\u00admology. 1982;89(12):1295\u20131298. doi:10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34630-8"},{"issue":"10","key":"B22","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Mapping Histoplasma capsulatum exposure, United States","author":"Maiga AW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maiga AW, Deppen S, Scaffidi BK, et al. Mapping Histoplasma capsulatum exposure, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(10):1835\u20131839. doi:10.3201\/eid2410.180032"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"425","article-title":"Multistate epidemiology of histoplasmosis, United States, 2011\u20132014","author":"Armstrong PA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armstrong PA, Jackson BR, Haselow D. Multistate epidemiology of histoplasmosis, United States, 2011\u20132014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(3):425\u2013431. doi:10.3201\/eid2403.171258"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Areas with histoplasmosis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Areas with histoplasmosis. CDC. 2024. Accessed April 1, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/histoplasmosis\/data-research\/maps\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect","first-page":"2315960","article-title":"Tracing histoplasmosis genomic epidemiology and species occurrence across the USA","author":"Kollath DR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kollath DR, Gade L, Litvintseva AP, et al. Tracing histoplasmosis genomic epidemiology and species occurrence across the USA. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2024;13(1):2315960. doi:10.1080\/22221751.2024.2315960"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Anti-Histoplasma antibody testing assists with clinical decision making in the diagnosis and management of feline histoplasmosis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anti-Histoplasma antibody testing assists with clinical decision making in the diagnosis and management of feline histoplasmosis. MiraVista Diagnostics. 2020. Accessed March 20, 2025. https:\/\/miravistavets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MV-HISTO-FELINE-AG-IGG-EIA-SALES-SHEET-051118B.pdf"},{"issue":"12","key":"B27","series-title":"Am Family Phys","first-page":"2247","article-title":"Overview of histoplasmosis","author":"Kurowski R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kurowski R, Ostapchuk M. Overview of histoplasmosis. Am Family Phys. 2002;66(12):2247\u20132253."},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1878","article-title":"A multicenter evaluation of tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis","author":"Hage CA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hage CA, Ribes JA, Wengenack NL, et al. A multicenter evaluation of tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(5):1878\u20131882."},{"issue":"11","key":"B29","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Detection of Histoplasma antigen by a quantitative enzyme immunoassay","author":"Connolly PA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Connolly PA, Durkin MM, Lemonte AM, Hackett EJ, Wheat LJ.. Detection of Histoplasma antigen by a quantitative enzyme immunoassay. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14(11):1587\u20131591. doi:10.1128\/CVI.00071-07"},{"issue":"4","key":"B30","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Antigen concentrations as an indicator of clinical remission and disease relapse in cats with histoplasmosis","author":"Hanzlicek AS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanzlicek AS, Meinkoth JH, Renschler JS, Goad C, Wheat LJ. Antigen concentrations as an indicator of clinical remission and disease relapse in cats with histoplasmosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(4):1065\u20131073. doi:10.1111\/jvim.13962"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0222.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:05:15Z","timestamp":1764601515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/86\/12\/ajvr.25.06.0222.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0222","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}