{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:10:04Z","timestamp":1767363004297,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To establish the feasibility of noncontrast microvascular flow ultrasonography for assessing renal cortical perfusion in cats.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n 6 healthy, young neutered male anesthetized cats were enrolled in this prospective, exploratory, analytical study. Microvascular flow\u2013based vascular index (VI) measurements were acquired from bilateral kidneys at normal (70 to 100 mm Hg mean arterial pressure [MAP]), low (< 60 mm Hg MAP), and high (> 100 mm Hg MAP) blood pressures as measured by an indwelling femoral arterial catheter. Renal interlobar artery resistive indices (RIs) were measured to confirm blood pressure effects on renal blood flow.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n For the 12 kidneys, the median VI and RI values (with IQR) at hypotension, normotension, and hypertension were VI, 41.6% (IQR, 36.8 to 46.8) and RI, 0.87 (IQR, 0.81 to 0.89); VI, 74.6% (IQR, 71.4 to 79) and RI, 0.70 (IQR, 0.62 to 0.73); and VI, 80.4% (IQR, 72.3 to 86.1) and RI, 0.59 (IQR, 0.55 to 0.67), respectively. The hypotension VI values were significantly lower than at normotension. Normotension VI values were not statistically different than hypertensive VI values, with overlapping IQR. There were strong correlations between RI and MAP (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.785), between VI and MAP (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = +0.711), and between VI and RI (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.751).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The study results confirm the feasibility of performing noncontrast microvascular flow ultrasound imaging in cats for the evaluation of renal cortical perfusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Data from this study will be utilized for study design development of future prospective clinical studies investigating clinical applications for noncontrast microvascular ultrasound assessment of renal cortical perfusion in cats with acute and chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T12:39:13Z","timestamp":1761309553000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Renal vascular index measurements on noncontrast microvascular ultrasound correlate with indirect renal perfusion parameters in healthy cats during periods of hypotension"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-1694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy B.","family":"Todd-Donato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2014-9040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Martin-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"830","article-title":"A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in cats and development of a novel clinical scoring system for predicting outcome for cats managed by hemodialysis","volume":"27","author":"Segev G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segev G, Nivy R, Kass P, Cowgill L. A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in cats and development of a novel clinical scoring system for predicting outcome for cats managed by hemodialysis. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27(4):830\u2013839. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12108"},{"issue":"6","key":"B2","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"465","article-title":"Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies","volume":"16","author":"Marino CL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marino CL, Lascelles BDX, Vaden SL, Gruen ME, Marks SL. Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(6):465\u2013472. doi:10.1177\/1098612X13511446"},{"issue":"11","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Long-term outcome of cats and dogs with acute kidney injury treated with intermittent hemodialysis: 135 cases (1997\u20132010)","volume":"241","author":"Eatroff AE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eatroff AE, Langston CE, Chalhoub S, Poeppel K, Mitelberg E. Long-term outcome of cats and dogs with acute kidney injury treated with intermittent hemodialysis: 135 cases (1997\u20132010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(11):1471\u20131478. doi:10.2460\/javma.241.11.1471"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in aged cats: clinical features, morphology, and proposed pathogeneses","volume":"53","author":"Brown CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown CA, Elliott J, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Chronic kidney disease in aged cats: clinical features, morphology, and proposed pathogeneses. Vet Pathol. 2016;53(2):309\u2013326. doi:10.1177\/03009858156229753"},{"issue":"29","key":"B5","series-title":"ScienceRise Biol Sci","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats: retrospective analysis (1981\u20132007)","volume":"4","author":"Morozenko D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morozenko D, Dotsenko R, Vashchyk Y, et al. Pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats: retrospective analysis (1981\u20132007). ScienceRise Biol Sci. 2021;4(29):19\u201324. doi:10.15587\/2519-8025.2021.249714"},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"738","article-title":"A fast scheme for renal microvascular perfusion functional imaging: assessed by an imaging quality evaluation model","volume":"46","author":"Wang D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang D, Xu S, Zhang K, et al. A fast scheme for renal microvascular perfusion functional imaging: assessed by an imaging quality evaluation model. Med Phys. 2019;46(2):738\u2013745. doi:10.1002\/mp.13358"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Cancer Imaging","first-page":"21","article-title":"The comparative study of color Doppler flow imaging, superb microvascular imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound micro flow imaging in blood flow analysis of solid renal mass","volume":"22","author":"Mao Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao Y, Mu J, Zhao J, Yang F, Zhao L. The comparative study of color Doppler flow imaging, superb microvascular imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound micro flow imaging in blood flow analysis of solid renal mass. Cancer Imaging. 2022;22(1):21. doi:10.1186\/s40644-022-00458-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Ultrasound Q","first-page":"250","article-title":"Gray scale ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in renal parenchymal diseases","volume":"34","author":"Quaia E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quaia E, Correas JM, Mehta M, Murchison JT, Gennari AG, Van Beek EJR. Gray scale ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in renal parenchymal diseases. Ultrasound Q. 2018;34(4):250\u2013267. doi:10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000383"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"260","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for the assessment of renal perfusion in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Stock E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stock E, Paepe D, Daminet S, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for the assessment of renal perfusion in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):260\u2013266. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14869"},{"issue":"10","key":"B10","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0164488","article-title":"Evaluation of feline renal perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and scintigraphy","volume":"11","author":"Stock E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stock E, Vanderperren K, Bosmans T, et al. Evaluation of feline renal perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and scintigraphy. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164488. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0164488"},{"issue":"24","key":"B11","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"3557","article-title":"Intra- and inter-observer variability of quantitative parameters used in contrast- enhanced ultrasound of kidneys of healthy cats","volume":"12","author":"Hillaert A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hillaert A, Stock E, Favril S, Duchateau L, Saunders JH, Vanderperren K. Intra- and inter-observer variability of quantitative parameters used in contrast- enhanced ultrasound of kidneys of healthy cats. Animals. 2022;12(24):3557. doi:10.3390\/ani12243557"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"250","article-title":"Microvascular flow imaging: a state-of-the-art review of clinical use and promise","volume":"305","author":"Aziz MU","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aziz MU, Eisenbrey JR, Deganello A. Microvascular flow imaging: a state-of-the-art review of clinical use and promise. Radiology. 2022;305(2):250\u2013264. doi:10.1148\/radiol.213303"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Clin Imaging","first-page":"90","article-title":"Comparison of superb microvascular imaging to conventional color Doppler ultrasonography in depicting renal cortical microvasculature","volume":"58","author":"Gao J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao J, Thai A, Erpelding T. Comparison of superb microvascular imaging to conventional color Doppler ultrasonography in depicting renal cortical microvasculature. Clin Imaging. 2019;58:90\u201395. doi:10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.06.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"B14","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"212","article-title":"A comparison between superb microvascular imaging technique and conventional Doppler ultrasound in evaluating chronic allograft damage in renal transplant recipients","volume":"29","author":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz AF","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz AF, Keven A, Elmal\u0131 A, Toru S, Apayd\u0131n A, \u00c7eken K. A comparison between superb microvascular imaging technique and conventional Doppler ultrasound in evaluating chronic allograft damage in renal transplant recipients. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2023;29(2):212\u2013218. doi:10.5152\/dir.2022.21555"},{"issue":"5","key":"B15","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"721","article-title":"The clinical application of ultrasonography with superb microvascular imaging-a review","volume":"50","author":"Tang K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang K, Liu M, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Niu C. The clinical application of ultrasonography with superb microvascular imaging-a review. J Clin Ultrasound. 2022;50(5):721\u2013732. doi:10.1002\/jcu.23210"},{"issue":"9","key":"B16","series-title":"Radiol Med","first-page":"1023","article-title":"New microvascular ultrasound techniques: abdominal applications","volume":"128","author":"Cannella R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cannella R, Pilato G, Mazzola M, Bartolotta TV. New microvascular ultrasound techniques: abdominal applications. Radiol Med. 2023;128(9):1023\u20131034. doi:10.1007\/s11547-023-01679-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Med Ultrason","first-page":"161","article-title":"Microvascular Doppler ultrasound in children with acute pyelonephritis","volume":"23","author":"Choi G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi G, Je BK, Hong D, Cha J. Microvascular Doppler ultrasound in children with acute pyelonephritis. Med Ultrason. 2021;23(2):161\u2013167. doi:10.11152\/mu-2827"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging","first-page":"6656877","article-title":"Evaluation of multimode color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis of solid renal tumor","volume":"2021","author":"Chen M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen M, Fu X, Shen Y. Evaluation of multimode color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis of solid renal tumor. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2021;2021:6656877. doi:10.1155\/2021\/6656877"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"330","article-title":"Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"64","author":"Appleby RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Appleby RB, Vaden SL, Monteith G, Seiler GS. Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2023;64(2):330\u2013336. doi:10.1111\/vru.13184"},{"issue":"8","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Renal ultrasonographic strain elastography and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in canine and feline chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Thanaboonnipat C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal ultrasonographic strain elastography and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in canine and feline chronic kidney disease. J Vet Med Sci. 2020;82(8):1104\u20131112. doi:10.1292\/jvms.19-0496"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"54","article-title":"Renal shear wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) in feline chronic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Thanaboonnipat C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal shear wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) in feline chronic kidney disease. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):54. doi:10.1186\/s12917-019-1801-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B22","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"337","article-title":"Measurement of renal cortical thickness using ultrasound in normal dogs: a reference range study considering bodyweight and body condition score","volume":"63","author":"Lee J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee J, Kim SS, Kwon D, Cho Y, Lee K, Yoon H. Measurement of renal cortical thickness using ultrasound in normal dogs: a reference range study considering bodyweight and body condition score. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(3):337\u2013344. doi:10.1111\/vru.13053"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"208","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal cortex and outer medulla thickness in dogs with chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Lee S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee S, Hong S, Kim H, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal cortex and outer medulla thickness in dogs with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Clin. 2017;34(3):208\u2013212. doi:10.17555\/jvc.2017.06.34.3.208"},{"issue":"5","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"286","article-title":"Renal medullary rim sign: ultrasonographic evidence of renal disease","volume":"33","author":"Biller DS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Biller DS, Bradley GA, Partington BP. Renal medullary rim sign: ultrasonographic evidence of renal disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1992;33(5):286\u2013290. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1992.tb00145.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet World","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Ultrasonographic kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter for the diagnosis of feline chronic kidney disease: a preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Jaturanratsamee K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaturanratsamee K, Choisunirachon N, Soontornvipart K, Darawiroj D, Srisowanna N, Thanaboonnipat C. Ultrasonographic kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter for the diagnosis of feline chronic kidney disease: a preliminary study. Vet World. 2023;16(5):1114\u20131121. doi:10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1114-1121"},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"451","article-title":"Evaluation of renal hemodynamics in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats with pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphy","volume":"39","author":"Mitchell SK","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitchell SK, Toal RL, Daniel GB, Rohrbach BW. Evaluation of renal hemodynamics in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats with pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1998;39(5):451\u2013458. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01634.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"303","article-title":"Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and decreased renal function","volume":"35","author":"Brans M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brans M, Daminet S, Mortier F, Duchateau L, Lefebvre HP, Paepe D. Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and decreased renal function. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):303\u2013311. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15975"},{"year":"2025","key":"B28","unstructured":"Concentrating ability. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Accessed May 27, 2025. https:\/\/eclinpath.com\/urinalysis\/concentrating-ability"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"B29","series-title":"Pflugers Arch","first-page":"441","article-title":"Autoregulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and renin release in conscious dogs","volume":"410","author":"Kirchheim HR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kirchheim HR, Ehmke H, Hackenthal E, L\u00f6we W, Persson P. Autoregulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and renin release in conscious dogs. Pflugers Arch. 1987;410(4-5):441\u2013449. doi:10.1007\/BF00586523"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"B30","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"925","article-title":"An innovative ultrasound technique for early detection of kidney dysfunction: superb microvascular imaging as a reference standard","volume":"11","author":"Armaly Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armaly Z, Abu-Rahme M, Kinaneh S, Hijazi B, Habbasshi N, Artul S. An innovative ultrasound technique for early detection of kidney dysfunction: superb microvascular imaging as a reference standard. J Clin Med. 2022;11(4-5):925. doi:10.3390\/jcm11040925"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Early Hum Dev","first-page":"106149","article-title":"Evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal renal microvascular flow characteristics of three-dimensional MV-flow imaging","volume":"199","author":"Huang C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang C, Zhang L, Jiang Y, et al. Evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal renal microvascular flow characteristics of three-dimensional MV-flow imaging. Early Hum Dev. 2024;199:106149. doi:10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106149"},{"issue":"2","key":"B32","series-title":"Ultrasonography","first-page":"160","article-title":"Novel non-invasive and quantitative assessment of the renal function of transplanted kidneys using Doppler ultrasonography with the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging","volume":"44","author":"Bae SH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bae SH, Lee EJ, Hwang J, Hong SS, Chang YW, Nam B. Novel non-invasive and quantitative assessment of the renal function of transplanted kidneys using Doppler ultrasonography with the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging. Ultrasonography. 2025;44(2):160\u2013169. doi:10.14366\/usg.24176"},{"issue":"3","key":"B33","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"306","article-title":"Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Evangelista GCL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evangelista GCL, Viana AG, de A, Neves MM, Reis ECC. Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(3):306\u2013318. doi:10.1111\/vru.13102"},{"issue":"6","key":"B34","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"471","article-title":"Resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats","volume":"18","author":"Tipisca V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tipisca V, Murino C, Cortese L, et al. Resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18(6):471\u2013475. doi:10.1177\/1098612X15587573"},{"issue":"4","key":"B35","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","first-page":"603","article-title":"Correlation between the resistive index by Doppler ultrasound and kidney function and histology","volume":"46","author":"Ikee R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ikee R, Kobayashi S, Hemmi N, et al. Correlation between the resistive index by Doppler ultrasound and kidney function and histology. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(4):603\u2013609. doi:10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.06.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"B36","series-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol","first-page":"114","article-title":"Resistive index predicts renal prognosis in chronic kidney disease: results of a 4-year follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Sugiura T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sugiura T, Wada A. Resistive index predicts renal prognosis in chronic kidney disease: results of a 4-year follow-up. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15(1):114\u2013120. doi:10.1007\/s10157-010-0371-3"},{"issue":"12","key":"B37","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"899","article-title":"Extraneous factors affecting resistive index","volume":"23","author":"Pozniak MA","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pozniak MA, Kelcz F, Stratta RJ, Oberley TD. Extraneous factors affecting resistive index. Invest Radiol. 1988;23(12):899. doi:10.1097\/00004424-198812000-00004"},{"issue":"1","key":"B38","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"43","article-title":"Renal resistive index: response to shock and its determinants in critically ill patients","volume":"52","author":"Rozemeijer S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rozemeijer S, Haitsma Mulier JLG, R\u00f6ttgering JG, et al. Renal resistive index: response to shock and its determinants in critically ill patients. Shock. 2019;52(1):43. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001246"},{"issue":"9","key":"B39","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Renal arterial resistance in septic shock: effects of increasing mean arterial pressure with norepinephrine on the renal resistive index assessed with Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"33","author":"Deruddre S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deruddre S, Cheisson G, Mazoit JX, Vicaut E, Benhamou D, Duranteau J. Renal arterial resistance in septic shock: effects of increasing mean arterial pressure with norepinephrine on the renal resistive index assessed with Doppler ultrasonography. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(9):1557\u20131562. doi:10.1007\/s00134-007-0665-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B40","series-title":"Ultrasonography","first-page":"398","article-title":"Reproducibility and diagnostic performance of the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging in real-time breast ultrasonography for evaluating breast masses","volume":"40","author":"Lee EJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee EJ, Chang YW, Oh E, Hwang J, Kim HJ, Hong SS. Reproducibility and diagnostic performance of the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging in real-time breast ultrasonography for evaluating breast masses. Ultrasonography. 2021;40(3):398\u2013406. doi:10.14366\/usg.20153"},{"issue":"8","key":"B41","series-title":"CEOG","first-page":"177","article-title":"Intra- and interobserver reliability of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) Doppler for assessing placental microvasculature","volume":"49","author":"Garcia-Jimenez R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia-Jimenez R, Garc\u00eda-Mejido JA, Valero I, Fernandez-Palacin A, Borrero C, Sainz-Bueno JA. Intra- and interobserver reliability of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) Doppler for assessing placental microvasculature. CEOG. 2022;49(8):177. doi:10.31083\/j.ceog4908177"},{"issue":"4","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"830","article-title":"A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in cats and development of a novel clinical scoring system for predicting outcome for cats managed by hemodialysis","volume":"27","author":"Segev G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segev G, Nivy R, Kass P, Cowgill L. A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in cats and development of a novel clinical scoring system for predicting outcome for cats managed by hemodialysis. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27(4):830\u2013839. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12108"},{"issue":"6","key":"B2","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"465","article-title":"Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies","volume":"16","author":"Marino CL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marino CL, Lascelles BDX, Vaden SL, Gruen ME, Marks SL. Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(6):465\u2013472. doi:10.1177\/1098612X13511446"},{"issue":"11","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Long-term outcome of cats and dogs with acute kidney injury treated with intermittent hemodialysis: 135 cases (1997\u20132010)","volume":"241","author":"Eatroff AE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eatroff AE, Langston CE, Chalhoub S, Poeppel K, Mitelberg E. Long-term outcome of cats and dogs with acute kidney injury treated with intermittent hemodialysis: 135 cases (1997\u20132010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(11):1471\u20131478. doi:10.2460\/javma.241.11.1471"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in aged cats: clinical features, morphology, and proposed pathogeneses","volume":"53","author":"Brown CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown CA, Elliott J, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Chronic kidney disease in aged cats: clinical features, morphology, and proposed pathogeneses. Vet Pathol. 2016;53(2):309\u2013326. doi:10.1177\/03009858156229753"},{"issue":"29","key":"B5","series-title":"ScienceRise Biol Sci","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats: retrospective analysis (1981\u20132007)","volume":"4","author":"Morozenko D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morozenko D, Dotsenko R, Vashchyk Y, et al. Pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats: retrospective analysis (1981\u20132007). ScienceRise Biol Sci. 2021;4(29):19\u201324. doi:10.15587\/2519-8025.2021.249714"},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"738","article-title":"A fast scheme for renal microvascular perfusion functional imaging: assessed by an imaging quality evaluation model","volume":"46","author":"Wang D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang D, Xu S, Zhang K, et al. A fast scheme for renal microvascular perfusion functional imaging: assessed by an imaging quality evaluation model. Med Phys. 2019;46(2):738\u2013745. doi:10.1002\/mp.13358"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Cancer Imaging","first-page":"21","article-title":"The comparative study of color Doppler flow imaging, superb microvascular imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound micro flow imaging in blood flow analysis of solid renal mass","volume":"22","author":"Mao Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao Y, Mu J, Zhao J, Yang F, Zhao L. The comparative study of color Doppler flow imaging, superb microvascular imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound micro flow imaging in blood flow analysis of solid renal mass. Cancer Imaging. 2022;22(1):21. doi:10.1186\/s40644-022-00458-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Ultrasound Q","first-page":"250","article-title":"Gray scale ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in renal parenchymal diseases","volume":"34","author":"Quaia E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quaia E, Correas JM, Mehta M, Murchison JT, Gennari AG, Van Beek EJR. Gray scale ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in renal parenchymal diseases. Ultrasound Q. 2018;34(4):250\u2013267. doi:10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000383"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"260","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for the assessment of renal perfusion in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Stock E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stock E, Paepe D, Daminet S, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for the assessment of renal perfusion in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):260\u2013266. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14869"},{"issue":"10","key":"B10","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0164488","article-title":"Evaluation of feline renal perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and scintigraphy","volume":"11","author":"Stock E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stock E, Vanderperren K, Bosmans T, et al. Evaluation of feline renal perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and scintigraphy. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164488. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0164488"},{"issue":"24","key":"B11","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"3557","article-title":"Intra- and inter-observer variability of quantitative parameters used in contrast- enhanced ultrasound of kidneys of healthy cats","volume":"12","author":"Hillaert A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hillaert A, Stock E, Favril S, Duchateau L, Saunders JH, Vanderperren K. Intra- and inter-observer variability of quantitative parameters used in contrast- enhanced ultrasound of kidneys of healthy cats. Animals. 2022;12(24):3557. doi:10.3390\/ani12243557"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"250","article-title":"Microvascular flow imaging: a state-of-the-art review of clinical use and promise","volume":"305","author":"Aziz MU","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aziz MU, Eisenbrey JR, Deganello A. Microvascular flow imaging: a state-of-the-art review of clinical use and promise. Radiology. 2022;305(2):250\u2013264. doi:10.1148\/radiol.213303"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Clin Imaging","first-page":"90","article-title":"Comparison of superb microvascular imaging to conventional color Doppler ultrasonography in depicting renal cortical microvasculature","volume":"58","author":"Gao J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao J, Thai A, Erpelding T. Comparison of superb microvascular imaging to conventional color Doppler ultrasonography in depicting renal cortical microvasculature. Clin Imaging. 2019;58:90\u201395. doi:10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.06.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"B14","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"212","article-title":"A comparison between superb microvascular imaging technique and conventional Doppler ultrasound in evaluating chronic allograft damage in renal transplant recipients","volume":"29","author":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz AF","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz AF, Keven A, Elmal\u0131 A, Toru S, Apayd\u0131n A, \u00c7eken K. A comparison between superb microvascular imaging technique and conventional Doppler ultrasound in evaluating chronic allograft damage in renal transplant recipients. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2023;29(2):212\u2013218. doi:10.5152\/dir.2022.21555"},{"issue":"5","key":"B15","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"721","article-title":"The clinical application of ultrasonography with superb microvascular imaging-a review","volume":"50","author":"Tang K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang K, Liu M, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Niu C. The clinical application of ultrasonography with superb microvascular imaging-a review. J Clin Ultrasound. 2022;50(5):721\u2013732. doi:10.1002\/jcu.23210"},{"issue":"9","key":"B16","series-title":"Radiol Med","first-page":"1023","article-title":"New microvascular ultrasound techniques: abdominal applications","volume":"128","author":"Cannella R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cannella R, Pilato G, Mazzola M, Bartolotta TV. New microvascular ultrasound techniques: abdominal applications. Radiol Med. 2023;128(9):1023\u20131034. doi:10.1007\/s11547-023-01679-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Med Ultrason","first-page":"161","article-title":"Microvascular Doppler ultrasound in children with acute pyelonephritis","volume":"23","author":"Choi G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi G, Je BK, Hong D, Cha J. Microvascular Doppler ultrasound in children with acute pyelonephritis. Med Ultrason. 2021;23(2):161\u2013167. doi:10.11152\/mu-2827"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging","first-page":"6656877","article-title":"Evaluation of multimode color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis of solid renal tumor","volume":"2021","author":"Chen M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen M, Fu X, Shen Y. Evaluation of multimode color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis of solid renal tumor. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2021;2021:6656877. doi:10.1155\/2021\/6656877"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"330","article-title":"Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"64","author":"Appleby RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Appleby RB, Vaden SL, Monteith G, Seiler GS. Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2023;64(2):330\u2013336. doi:10.1111\/vru.13184"},{"issue":"8","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Renal ultrasonographic strain elastography and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in canine and feline chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Thanaboonnipat C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal ultrasonographic strain elastography and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in canine and feline chronic kidney disease. J Vet Med Sci. 2020;82(8):1104\u20131112. doi:10.1292\/jvms.19-0496"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"54","article-title":"Renal shear wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) in feline chronic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Thanaboonnipat C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thanaboonnipat C, Sutayatram S, Buranakarl C, Choisunirachon N. Renal shear wave elastography and urinary procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (uPIIINP) in feline chronic kidney disease. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):54. doi:10.1186\/s12917-019-1801-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B22","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"337","article-title":"Measurement of renal cortical thickness using ultrasound in normal dogs: a reference range study considering bodyweight and body condition score","volume":"63","author":"Lee J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee J, Kim SS, Kwon D, Cho Y, Lee K, Yoon H. Measurement of renal cortical thickness using ultrasound in normal dogs: a reference range study considering bodyweight and body condition score. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(3):337\u2013344. doi:10.1111\/vru.13053"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"208","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal cortex and outer medulla thickness in dogs with chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Lee S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee S, Hong S, Kim H, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal cortex and outer medulla thickness in dogs with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Clin. 2017;34(3):208\u2013212. doi:10.17555\/jvc.2017.06.34.3.208"},{"issue":"5","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"286","article-title":"Renal medullary rim sign: ultrasonographic evidence of renal disease","volume":"33","author":"Biller DS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Biller DS, Bradley GA, Partington BP. Renal medullary rim sign: ultrasonographic evidence of renal disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1992;33(5):286\u2013290. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1992.tb00145.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet World","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Ultrasonographic kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter for the diagnosis of feline chronic kidney disease: a preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Jaturanratsamee K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaturanratsamee K, Choisunirachon N, Soontornvipart K, Darawiroj D, Srisowanna N, Thanaboonnipat C. Ultrasonographic kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter for the diagnosis of feline chronic kidney disease: a preliminary study. Vet World. 2023;16(5):1114\u20131121. doi:10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1114-1121"},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"451","article-title":"Evaluation of renal hemodynamics in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats with pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphy","volume":"39","author":"Mitchell SK","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mitchell SK, Toal RL, Daniel GB, Rohrbach BW. Evaluation of renal hemodynamics in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats with pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1998;39(5):451\u2013458. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01634.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"303","article-title":"Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and decreased renal function","volume":"35","author":"Brans M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brans M, Daminet S, Mortier F, Duchateau L, Lefebvre HP, Paepe D. Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and decreased renal function. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):303\u2013311. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15975"},{"year":"2025","key":"B28","unstructured":"Concentrating ability. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Accessed May 27, 2025. https:\/\/eclinpath.com\/urinalysis\/concentrating-ability"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"B29","series-title":"Pflugers Arch","first-page":"441","article-title":"Autoregulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and renin release in conscious dogs","volume":"410","author":"Kirchheim HR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kirchheim HR, Ehmke H, Hackenthal E, L\u00f6we W, Persson P. Autoregulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and renin release in conscious dogs. Pflugers Arch. 1987;410(4-5):441\u2013449. doi:10.1007\/BF00586523"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"B30","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"925","article-title":"An innovative ultrasound technique for early detection of kidney dysfunction: superb microvascular imaging as a reference standard","volume":"11","author":"Armaly Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armaly Z, Abu-Rahme M, Kinaneh S, Hijazi B, Habbasshi N, Artul S. An innovative ultrasound technique for early detection of kidney dysfunction: superb microvascular imaging as a reference standard. J Clin Med. 2022;11(4-5):925. doi:10.3390\/jcm11040925"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Early Hum Dev","first-page":"106149","article-title":"Evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal renal microvascular flow characteristics of three-dimensional MV-flow imaging","volume":"199","author":"Huang C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang C, Zhang L, Jiang Y, et al. Evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal renal microvascular flow characteristics of three-dimensional MV-flow imaging. Early Hum Dev. 2024;199:106149. doi:10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106149"},{"issue":"2","key":"B32","series-title":"Ultrasonography","first-page":"160","article-title":"Novel non-invasive and quantitative assessment of the renal function of transplanted kidneys using Doppler ultrasonography with the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging","volume":"44","author":"Bae SH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bae SH, Lee EJ, Hwang J, Hong SS, Chang YW, Nam B. Novel non-invasive and quantitative assessment of the renal function of transplanted kidneys using Doppler ultrasonography with the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging. Ultrasonography. 2025;44(2):160\u2013169. doi:10.14366\/usg.24176"},{"issue":"3","key":"B33","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"306","article-title":"Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Evangelista GCL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evangelista GCL, Viana AG, de A, Neves MM, Reis ECC. Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(3):306\u2013318. doi:10.1111\/vru.13102"},{"issue":"6","key":"B34","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"471","article-title":"Resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats","volume":"18","author":"Tipisca V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tipisca V, Murino C, Cortese L, et al. Resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18(6):471\u2013475. doi:10.1177\/1098612X15587573"},{"issue":"4","key":"B35","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","first-page":"603","article-title":"Correlation between the resistive index by Doppler ultrasound and kidney function and histology","volume":"46","author":"Ikee R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ikee R, Kobayashi S, Hemmi N, et al. Correlation between the resistive index by Doppler ultrasound and kidney function and histology. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(4):603\u2013609. doi:10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.06.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"B36","series-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol","first-page":"114","article-title":"Resistive index predicts renal prognosis in chronic kidney disease: results of a 4-year follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Sugiura T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sugiura T, Wada A. Resistive index predicts renal prognosis in chronic kidney disease: results of a 4-year follow-up. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15(1):114\u2013120. doi:10.1007\/s10157-010-0371-3"},{"issue":"12","key":"B37","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"899","article-title":"Extraneous factors affecting resistive index","volume":"23","author":"Pozniak MA","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pozniak MA, Kelcz F, Stratta RJ, Oberley TD. Extraneous factors affecting resistive index. Invest Radiol. 1988;23(12):899. doi:10.1097\/00004424-198812000-00004"},{"issue":"1","key":"B38","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"43","article-title":"Renal resistive index: response to shock and its determinants in critically ill patients","volume":"52","author":"Rozemeijer S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rozemeijer S, Haitsma Mulier JLG, R\u00f6ttgering JG, et al. Renal resistive index: response to shock and its determinants in critically ill patients. Shock. 2019;52(1):43. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001246"},{"issue":"9","key":"B39","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Renal arterial resistance in septic shock: effects of increasing mean arterial pressure with norepinephrine on the renal resistive index assessed with Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"33","author":"Deruddre S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deruddre S, Cheisson G, Mazoit JX, Vicaut E, Benhamou D, Duranteau J. Renal arterial resistance in septic shock: effects of increasing mean arterial pressure with norepinephrine on the renal resistive index assessed with Doppler ultrasonography. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(9):1557\u20131562. doi:10.1007\/s00134-007-0665-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B40","series-title":"Ultrasonography","first-page":"398","article-title":"Reproducibility and diagnostic performance of the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging in real-time breast ultrasonography for evaluating breast masses","volume":"40","author":"Lee EJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee EJ, Chang YW, Oh E, Hwang J, Kim HJ, Hong SS. Reproducibility and diagnostic performance of the vascular index of superb microvascular imaging in real-time breast ultrasonography for evaluating breast masses. Ultrasonography. 2021;40(3):398\u2013406. doi:10.14366\/usg.20153"},{"issue":"8","key":"B41","series-title":"CEOG","first-page":"177","article-title":"Intra- and interobserver reliability of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) Doppler for assessing placental microvasculature","volume":"49","author":"Garcia-Jimenez R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia-Jimenez R, Garc\u00eda-Mejido JA, Valero I, Fernandez-Palacin A, Borrero C, Sainz-Bueno JA. Intra- and interobserver reliability of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) Doppler for assessing placental microvasculature. CEOG. 2022;49(8):177. doi:10.31083\/j.ceog4908177"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.06.0225.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.06.0225.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.06.0225.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:08:24Z","timestamp":1767362904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.06.0225.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.06.0225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5681"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}