{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:44:35Z","timestamp":1775094275248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ELISA and PCR for detecting pathogenic oomycete infections and to explore associations with clinical presentation and treatment status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Canine sera (n = 796) submitted to Pythium Serology Diagnostic Laboratory (from 2023 through 2025) were analyzed by ELISA to detect anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Pythium<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies and a PCR targeting\n                      <jats:italic>Pythium insidiosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lagenidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp, and\n                      <jats:italic>Paralagenidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. Clinical records were reviewed for a subset of submissions. Analyses included \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests, a linear mixed-effects model, and Cohen \u03ba for ELISA-PCR agreement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across all 697 samples tested by both methods, 69 (9.9%) were positive and 495 (71.0%) were negative by both assays, yielding an overall concordance of 81%. Polymerase chain reaction identified 5 cases, including cutaneous infections and\n                      <jats:italic>Lagenidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections tested to be negative by ELISA. Among confirmed positive submissions, ELISA detected anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Pythium<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies in 99.4% (182 of 183), whereas PCR detected\n                      <jats:italic>Pythium<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA in 45.6% (72 of 158).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While ELISA is well suited for first-line screening due to its high sensitivity, PCR provides critical specificity and broader detection, especially in challenging cutaneous cases and when alternative pathogenic oomycetes are suspected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was highly effective for initial diagnosis and monitoring treatment response, and PCR was most useful for identifying active infections or relapses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combined use of ELISA and PCR enhances diagnostic accuracy, improves detection of misdiagnosed\n                      <jats:italic>Lagenidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, and guides clinical decision-making and epidemiological surveillance of this emerging and serious disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T12:39:14Z","timestamp":1761309554000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving noninvasive diagnosis of cutaneous and gastrointestinal forms of Pythium insidiosum infections in dogs: complementary roles of serum-based ELISA and polymerase chain reaction"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Subarna","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asfiha","family":"Tarannum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"},{"name":"Pythium Serology & Mucormycosis Serology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonel","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Chenoweth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Barger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"},{"name":"Pythium Serology & Mucormycosis Serology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Phylogenetic spectrum of fungi that are pathogenic to humans","volume":"19","author":"Kwon-Chung KJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kwon-Chung KJ. 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