{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:10:05Z","timestamp":1767363005824,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the feasibility and safety of unilateral biportal endoscopic dorsal lumbosacral decompression in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n 13 canine cadavers were acquired. Three dogs were used in a pilot study to refine the technique. The remaining 10 were randomly assigned to left- or right-sided procedures. The main study was conducted from November 27 to November 30, 2024, following a pilot study performed 1 month earlier. Preoperative CT aided anatomical assessment and planning. Portal sites were based on the medial pedicle line, connecting the medial borders of the seventh lumbar vertebra and first sacral vertebra pedicles, as identified on dorsoventral radiographs. Unilateral biportal endoscopic dorsal lumbosacral decompression, including dorsal laminectomy, discectomy, and nerve root exploration, was performed. Portal sites, procedural times, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperative CT assessed decompression and facet preservation. A 4-point scoring system (Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor) was used to evaluate visualization and facet joint preservation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All 10 cadavers were Beagles. All procedures were completed successfully through planned portals. Mean surgery time was 56.3 \u00b1 11.4 minutes. Visualization and facet joint preservation were all rated Excellent. Laminectomy and nerve root exploration times were longer ipsilaterally (17.4 \u00b1 7.2 minutes) than contralaterally (9.6 \u00b1 4.2 minutes), with a mean difference of 7.8 minutes. The mean laminectomy area was significantly larger ipsilaterally (17.6 \u00b1 6.7 mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ) versus contralaterally (10.5 \u00b1 7.3 mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ), with a mean difference of 7.1 mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n . No intraoperative complications occurred.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Unilateral biportal endoscopic dorsal lumbosacral decompression was feasible, safe, and provided excellent visualization in canine cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Unilateral biportal endoscopic dorsal lumbosacral decompression may represent a viable minimally invasive technique for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs and warrants further clinical investigation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T12:29:22Z","timestamp":1759321762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and safety of unilateral biportal endoscopic dorsal lumbosacral decompression in dogs: a cadaveric study"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Byongwook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haebeom","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-9857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaemin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hojung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1262-5203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"YoungJin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"705","article-title":"Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis","volume":"36","author":"Godde T","year":"2007","unstructured":"Godde T, Steffen F. Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg. 2007;36(7):705\u2013713. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00324.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"111","article-title":"Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis","volume":"30","author":"De Risio L","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Risio L, Thomas WB, Sharp NJ. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000;30(1):111\u2013132. doi:10.1016\/s0195-5616(00)50005-9"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"169","article-title":"Canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: prevalence, impact and management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Worth A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Worth A, Meij B, Jeffery N. Canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: prevalence, impact and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl). 2019;10:169\u2013183. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S180448"},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"486","article-title":"Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. The results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Janssens L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Janssens L, Beosier Y, Daems R. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. The results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(6):486\u2013491. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-08-07-0055"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"293","article-title":"Comparative study of minimally invasive lumbar decompression versus decompressive laminectomy with posterolateral transpedicular fixation for the treatment of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis","volume":"15","author":"Aldahshory AR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aldahshory AR, Mashaly H, El Molla ST, Ismaiel IA, Saoud K. Comparative study of minimally invasive lumbar decompression versus decompressive laminectomy with posterolateral transpedicular fixation for the treatment of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis. Asian J Neurosurg. 2020;15(2):293\u2013301. doi:10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_132_20"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"770","article-title":"Complications in minimally invasive spine surgery in the last 10 years: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Boadi BI","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boadi BI, Ikwuegbuenyi CA, Inzerillo S, et al. Complications in minimally invasive spine surgery in the last 10 years: a narrative review. Neurospine. 2024;21(3):770\u2013803. doi:10.14245\/ns.2448652.326"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Comparison of techniques for decompressive lumbar laminectomy: the minimally invasive versus the \u201cclassic\u201d open approach","volume":"51","author":"Rahman M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rahman M, Summers LE, Richter B, Mimran RI, Jacob RP. Comparison of techniques for decompressive lumbar laminectomy: the minimally invasive versus the \u201cclassic\u201d open approach. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008;51(2):100\u2013105. doi:10.1055\/s-2007-1022542"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"209","article-title":"Comparison of two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Lockwood AA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lockwood AA, Griffon DJ, Gordon-Evans W, Matheson JA, Barthelemy N, Schaeffer DJ. Comparison of two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in dogs. Vet Surg. 2014;43(2):209\u2013221. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12098.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"N Z Vet J","first-page":"71","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model","volume":"64","author":"Dent BT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dent BT, Fosgate GT, Hettlich BF. Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model. N Z Vet J. 2016;64(2):71\u201375. doi:10.1080\/00480169.2015.1064042"},{"issue":"7","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"279","article-title":"Percutaneous endoscopic limited-lumbosacral-dorsal laminectomy in\u202feight dogs \u2013 a cadaveric study","volume":"66","author":"Yang SB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang SB, Moon HS, Hwang YH, Lee HC, Lee D, Lee JH. Percutaneous endoscopic limited-lumbosacral-dorsal laminectomy in\u202feight dogs \u2013 a cadaveric study. Vet Med. 2021;66(7):279\u2013286. doi:10.17221\/33\/2020-vetmed"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"153","article-title":"Minimally invasive spine surgery in small animals","volume":"48","author":"Hettlich BF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hettlich BF. Minimally invasive spine surgery in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2018;48(1):153\u2013168. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"65","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic spinal arthroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Kambin P","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kambin P. Diagnostic and therapeutic spinal arthroscopy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1996;7(1):65\u201376. doi:10.1016\/s1042-3680(18)30406-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"B13","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"695","article-title":"Full-endoscopic spine surgery diminishes surgical site infections \u2013 a propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mahan MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahan MA, Prasse T, Kim RB, et al. Full-endoscopic spine surgery diminishes surgical site infections \u2013 a propensity score-matched analysis. Spine J. 2023;23(5):695\u2013702. doi:10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.01.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of conventional and biportal endoscopic decompressive laminectomy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (ENDO-B trial): a protocol for a prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, multicenter trial","volume":"22","author":"Park HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park HJ, Park SM, Song KS, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of conventional and biportal endoscopic decompressive laminectomy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (ENDO-B trial): a protocol for a prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, multicenter trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1056. doi:10.1186\/s12891-021-04959-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"720","article-title":"Pedicle screw-rod fixation of the canine lumbosacral junction","volume":"41","author":"Smolders LA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smolders LA, Voorhout G, van de Ven R, et al. Pedicle screw-rod fixation of the canine lumbosacral junction. Vet Surg. 2012;41(6):720\u2013732. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.00989.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"J Minim Invasive Spine Surg Tech","first-page":"186","article-title":"Essential surgical techniques during unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery","volume":"8","author":"So J-Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"So J-Y, Park J-Y. Essential surgical techniques during unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery. J Minim Invasive Spine Surg Tech. 2023;8(2):186\u2013197. doi:10.21182\/jmisst.2023.00871"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"1014033","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of biportal endoscopy is comparable to that of uniportal endoscopy via the interlaminar approach for the treatment of L5\/S1 lumbar disc herniation","volume":"9","author":"Zuo R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zuo R, Jiang Y, Ma M, et al. The clinical efficacy of biportal endoscopy is comparable to that of uniportal endoscopy via the interlaminar approach for the treatment of L5\/S1 lumbar disc herniation. Front Surg. 2022;9:1014033. doi:10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1014033"},{"issue":"2","key":"B18","series-title":"J Spine Surg","first-page":"438","article-title":"Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression for degenerative lumbar canal stenosis","volume":"6","author":"Pao JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pao JL, Lin SM, Chen WC, Chang CH. Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression for degenerative lumbar canal stenosis. J Spine Surg. 2020;6(2):438\u2013446. doi:10.21037\/jss.2020.03.08"},{"issue":"8","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"742","article-title":"Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation","volume":"36","author":"Meij BP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meij BP, Suwankong N, Van der Veen AJ, Hazewinkel HA. Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation. Vet Surg. 2007;36(8):742\u2013751. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00331.x"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e836","article-title":"Water dynamics in unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery and its related factors: an in vivo proportional regression and proficiency-matched study","volume":"149","author":"Hong YH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong YH, Kim SK, Hwang J, et al. Water dynamics in unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery and its related factors: an in vivo proportional regression and proficiency-matched study. World Neurosurg. 2021;149:e836\u2013e843. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.086"},{"issue":"8","key":"B21","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"2769","article-title":"Temperature change of epidural space by radiofrequency use in biportal endoscopic lumbar surgery: safety evaluation of radiofrequency","volume":"32","author":"Heo DH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heo DH, Park DY, Hong YH, Kim D, Kim JS. Temperature change of epidural space by radiofrequency use in biportal endoscopic lumbar surgery: safety evaluation of radiofrequency. Eur Spine J. 2023;32(8):2769\u20132775. doi:10.1007\/s00586-023-07719-z"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e408","article-title":"Comparative analysis of microendoscopic and open laminectomy for single-level lumbar spinal stenosis at L1-L2 or L2-L3","volume":"183","author":"Yamato Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamato Y, Nagata K, Kawamura N, et al. Comparative analysis of microendoscopic and open laminectomy for single-level lumbar spinal stenosis at L1-L2 or L2-L3. World Neurosurg. 2024;183:e408\u2013e414. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.109"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"J Healthc Eng","first-page":"7981513","article-title":"Effect of graded facetectomy on lumbar biomechanics","volume":"2017","author":"Zeng ZL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng ZL, Zhu R, Wu YC, et al. Effect of graded facetectomy on lumbar biomechanics. J Healthc Eng. 2017;2017:7981513. doi:10.1155\/2017\/7981513"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"105011","article-title":"Lumbar stability following graded unilateral and bilateral facetectomy: a finite element model study","volume":"75","author":"Ahuja S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahuja S, Moideen AN, Dudhniwala AG, Karatsis E, Papadakis L, Varitis E. Lumbar stability following graded unilateral and bilateral facetectomy: a finite element model study. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2020;75:105011. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105011"},{"issue":"6","key":"B25","series-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Indications for and outcomes of three unilateral biportal endoscopic approaches for the decompression of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bui AT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bui AT, Trinh GM, Wu MH, Hoang TT, Hu MH, Pao JL. Indications for and outcomes of three unilateral biportal endoscopic approaches for the decompression of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(6):1092. doi:10.3390\/diagnostics13061092"},{"issue":"6","key":"B26","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1838","article-title":"The method of portal making in lumbar unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery with different operative approaches according to the constant anatomical landmarks of the lumbar spine: a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Wang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Maimaiti A, Tuoheti A, et al. The method of portal making in lumbar unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery with different operative approaches according to the constant anatomical landmarks of the lumbar spine: a review of the literature. Global Spine J. 2024;14(6):1838\u20131861. doi:10.1177\/21925682241230465"},{"issue":"5","key":"B27","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"688","article-title":"Unilateral bi-portal endoscopic decompression via the contralateral approach in asymmetric spinal stenosis: a technical note","volume":"15","author":"Kim JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim JS, Park CW, Yeung YK, Suen TK, Jun SG, Park JH. Unilateral bi-portal endoscopic decompression via the contralateral approach in asymmetric spinal stenosis: a technical note. Asian Spine J. 2021;15(5):688\u2013700. doi:10.31616\/asj.2020.0119"},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"959390","article-title":"Contralateral inclinatory approach for decompression of the lateral recess and same-level foraminal lesions using unilateral biportal endoscopy: a technical report","volume":"9","author":"Tian D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian D, Zhu B, Liu J, et al. Contralateral inclinatory approach for decompression of the lateral recess and same-level foraminal lesions using unilateral biportal endoscopy: a technical report. Front Surg. 2022;9:959390. doi:10.3389\/fsurg.2022.959390"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Miller and Evans\u2019 Anatomy of the Dog","first-page":"520","article-title":"The muscular system","author":"Hermanson JW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermanson JW, Evans HE. The muscular system. In: Hermanson JW, Evans HE, eds. Miller and Evans\u2019 Anatomy of the Dog. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2020:520\u2013521."},{"issue":"4","key":"B30","series-title":"Man Ther","first-page":"254","article-title":"The lumbar multifidus: does the evidence support clinical beliefs?","volume":"11","author":"MacDonald DA","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacDonald DA, Moseley GL, Hodges PW. The lumbar multifidus: does the evidence support clinical beliefs? Man Ther. 2006;11(4):254\u2013263. doi:10.1016\/j.math.2006.02.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"138","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery for bilateral lumbar foraminal decompression by switching surgeon\u2019s position and primary 2 portals: a report of 2 cases with technical note","volume":"16","author":"Song K-S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song K-S, Lee C-W, Moon J-G, Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery for bilateral lumbar foraminal decompression by switching surgeon\u2019s position and primary 2 portals: a report of 2 cases with technical note. Neurospine. 2019;16(1):138\u2013147. doi:10.14245\/ns.1836330.165"},{"issue":"7","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"705","article-title":"Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis","volume":"36","author":"Godde T","year":"2007","unstructured":"Godde T, Steffen F. Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg. 2007;36(7):705\u2013713. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00324.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"111","article-title":"Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis","volume":"30","author":"De Risio L","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Risio L, Thomas WB, Sharp NJ. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000;30(1):111\u2013132. doi:10.1016\/s0195-5616(00)50005-9"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"169","article-title":"Canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: prevalence, impact and management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Worth A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Worth A, Meij B, Jeffery N. Canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: prevalence, impact and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl). 2019;10:169\u2013183. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S180448"},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"486","article-title":"Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. The results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Janssens L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Janssens L, Beosier Y, Daems R. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. The results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(6):486\u2013491. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-08-07-0055"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"293","article-title":"Comparative study of minimally invasive lumbar decompression versus decompressive laminectomy with posterolateral transpedicular fixation for the treatment of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis","volume":"15","author":"Aldahshory AR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aldahshory AR, Mashaly H, El Molla ST, Ismaiel IA, Saoud K. Comparative study of minimally invasive lumbar decompression versus decompressive laminectomy with posterolateral transpedicular fixation for the treatment of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis. Asian J Neurosurg. 2020;15(2):293\u2013301. doi:10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_132_20"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"770","article-title":"Complications in minimally invasive spine surgery in the last 10 years: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Boadi BI","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boadi BI, Ikwuegbuenyi CA, Inzerillo S, et al. Complications in minimally invasive spine surgery in the last 10 years: a narrative review. Neurospine. 2024;21(3):770\u2013803. doi:10.14245\/ns.2448652.326"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Comparison of techniques for decompressive lumbar laminectomy: the minimally invasive versus the \u201cclassic\u201d open approach","volume":"51","author":"Rahman M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rahman M, Summers LE, Richter B, Mimran RI, Jacob RP. Comparison of techniques for decompressive lumbar laminectomy: the minimally invasive versus the \u201cclassic\u201d open approach. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008;51(2):100\u2013105. doi:10.1055\/s-2007-1022542"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"209","article-title":"Comparison of two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Lockwood AA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lockwood AA, Griffon DJ, Gordon-Evans W, Matheson JA, Barthelemy N, Schaeffer DJ. Comparison of two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in dogs. Vet Surg. 2014;43(2):209\u2013221. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12098.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"N Z Vet J","first-page":"71","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model","volume":"64","author":"Dent BT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dent BT, Fosgate GT, Hettlich BF. Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model. N Z Vet J. 2016;64(2):71\u201375. doi:10.1080\/00480169.2015.1064042"},{"issue":"7","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"279","article-title":"Percutaneous endoscopic limited-lumbosacral-dorsal laminectomy in\u202feight dogs \u2013 a cadaveric study","volume":"66","author":"Yang SB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang SB, Moon HS, Hwang YH, Lee HC, Lee D, Lee JH. Percutaneous endoscopic limited-lumbosacral-dorsal laminectomy in\u202feight dogs \u2013 a cadaveric study. Vet Med. 2021;66(7):279\u2013286. doi:10.17221\/33\/2020-vetmed"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"153","article-title":"Minimally invasive spine surgery in small animals","volume":"48","author":"Hettlich BF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hettlich BF. Minimally invasive spine surgery in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2018;48(1):153\u2013168. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"65","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic spinal arthroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Kambin P","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kambin P. Diagnostic and therapeutic spinal arthroscopy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1996;7(1):65\u201376. doi:10.1016\/s1042-3680(18)30406-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"B13","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"695","article-title":"Full-endoscopic spine surgery diminishes surgical site infections \u2013 a propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mahan MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahan MA, Prasse T, Kim RB, et al. Full-endoscopic spine surgery diminishes surgical site infections \u2013 a propensity score-matched analysis. Spine J. 2023;23(5):695\u2013702. doi:10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.01.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of conventional and biportal endoscopic decompressive laminectomy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (ENDO-B trial): a protocol for a prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, multicenter trial","volume":"22","author":"Park HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park HJ, Park SM, Song KS, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of conventional and biportal endoscopic decompressive laminectomy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (ENDO-B trial): a protocol for a prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, multicenter trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1056. doi:10.1186\/s12891-021-04959-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"720","article-title":"Pedicle screw-rod fixation of the canine lumbosacral junction","volume":"41","author":"Smolders LA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smolders LA, Voorhout G, van de Ven R, et al. Pedicle screw-rod fixation of the canine lumbosacral junction. Vet Surg. 2012;41(6):720\u2013732. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.00989.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"J Minim Invasive Spine Surg Tech","first-page":"186","article-title":"Essential surgical techniques during unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery","volume":"8","author":"So J-Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"So J-Y, Park J-Y. Essential surgical techniques during unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery. J Minim Invasive Spine Surg Tech. 2023;8(2):186\u2013197. doi:10.21182\/jmisst.2023.00871"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"1014033","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of biportal endoscopy is comparable to that of uniportal endoscopy via the interlaminar approach for the treatment of L5\/S1 lumbar disc herniation","volume":"9","author":"Zuo R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zuo R, Jiang Y, Ma M, et al. The clinical efficacy of biportal endoscopy is comparable to that of uniportal endoscopy via the interlaminar approach for the treatment of L5\/S1 lumbar disc herniation. Front Surg. 2022;9:1014033. doi:10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1014033"},{"issue":"2","key":"B18","series-title":"J Spine Surg","first-page":"438","article-title":"Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression for degenerative lumbar canal stenosis","volume":"6","author":"Pao JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pao JL, Lin SM, Chen WC, Chang CH. Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression for degenerative lumbar canal stenosis. J Spine Surg. 2020;6(2):438\u2013446. doi:10.21037\/jss.2020.03.08"},{"issue":"8","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"742","article-title":"Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation","volume":"36","author":"Meij BP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meij BP, Suwankong N, Van der Veen AJ, Hazewinkel HA. Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation. Vet Surg. 2007;36(8):742\u2013751. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00331.x"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e836","article-title":"Water dynamics in unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery and its related factors: an in vivo proportional regression and proficiency-matched study","volume":"149","author":"Hong YH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong YH, Kim SK, Hwang J, et al. Water dynamics in unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery and its related factors: an in vivo proportional regression and proficiency-matched study. World Neurosurg. 2021;149:e836\u2013e843. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.01.086"},{"issue":"8","key":"B21","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"2769","article-title":"Temperature change of epidural space by radiofrequency use in biportal endoscopic lumbar surgery: safety evaluation of radiofrequency","volume":"32","author":"Heo DH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heo DH, Park DY, Hong YH, Kim D, Kim JS. Temperature change of epidural space by radiofrequency use in biportal endoscopic lumbar surgery: safety evaluation of radiofrequency. Eur Spine J. 2023;32(8):2769\u20132775. doi:10.1007\/s00586-023-07719-z"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e408","article-title":"Comparative analysis of microendoscopic and open laminectomy for single-level lumbar spinal stenosis at L1-L2 or L2-L3","volume":"183","author":"Yamato Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamato Y, Nagata K, Kawamura N, et al. Comparative analysis of microendoscopic and open laminectomy for single-level lumbar spinal stenosis at L1-L2 or L2-L3. World Neurosurg. 2024;183:e408\u2013e414. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.109"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"J Healthc Eng","first-page":"7981513","article-title":"Effect of graded facetectomy on lumbar biomechanics","volume":"2017","author":"Zeng ZL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng ZL, Zhu R, Wu YC, et al. Effect of graded facetectomy on lumbar biomechanics. J Healthc Eng. 2017;2017:7981513. doi:10.1155\/2017\/7981513"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"105011","article-title":"Lumbar stability following graded unilateral and bilateral facetectomy: a finite element model study","volume":"75","author":"Ahuja S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahuja S, Moideen AN, Dudhniwala AG, Karatsis E, Papadakis L, Varitis E. Lumbar stability following graded unilateral and bilateral facetectomy: a finite element model study. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2020;75:105011. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105011"},{"issue":"6","key":"B25","series-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Indications for and outcomes of three unilateral biportal endoscopic approaches for the decompression of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bui AT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bui AT, Trinh GM, Wu MH, Hoang TT, Hu MH, Pao JL. Indications for and outcomes of three unilateral biportal endoscopic approaches for the decompression of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(6):1092. doi:10.3390\/diagnostics13061092"},{"issue":"6","key":"B26","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1838","article-title":"The method of portal making in lumbar unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery with different operative approaches according to the constant anatomical landmarks of the lumbar spine: a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Wang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Maimaiti A, Tuoheti A, et al. The method of portal making in lumbar unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery with different operative approaches according to the constant anatomical landmarks of the lumbar spine: a review of the literature. Global Spine J. 2024;14(6):1838\u20131861. doi:10.1177\/21925682241230465"},{"issue":"5","key":"B27","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"688","article-title":"Unilateral bi-portal endoscopic decompression via the contralateral approach in asymmetric spinal stenosis: a technical note","volume":"15","author":"Kim JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim JS, Park CW, Yeung YK, Suen TK, Jun SG, Park JH. Unilateral bi-portal endoscopic decompression via the contralateral approach in asymmetric spinal stenosis: a technical note. Asian Spine J. 2021;15(5):688\u2013700. doi:10.31616\/asj.2020.0119"},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"959390","article-title":"Contralateral inclinatory approach for decompression of the lateral recess and same-level foraminal lesions using unilateral biportal endoscopy: a technical report","volume":"9","author":"Tian D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian D, Zhu B, Liu J, et al. Contralateral inclinatory approach for decompression of the lateral recess and same-level foraminal lesions using unilateral biportal endoscopy: a technical report. Front Surg. 2022;9:959390. doi:10.3389\/fsurg.2022.959390"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Miller and Evans\u2019 Anatomy of the Dog","first-page":"520","article-title":"The muscular system","author":"Hermanson JW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermanson JW, Evans HE. The muscular system. In: Hermanson JW, Evans HE, eds. Miller and Evans\u2019 Anatomy of the Dog. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2020:520\u2013521."},{"issue":"4","key":"B30","series-title":"Man Ther","first-page":"254","article-title":"The lumbar multifidus: does the evidence support clinical beliefs?","volume":"11","author":"MacDonald DA","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacDonald DA, Moseley GL, Hodges PW. The lumbar multifidus: does the evidence support clinical beliefs? Man Ther. 2006;11(4):254\u2013263. doi:10.1016\/j.math.2006.02.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"138","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery for bilateral lumbar foraminal decompression by switching surgeon\u2019s position and primary 2 portals: a report of 2 cases with technical note","volume":"16","author":"Song K-S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song K-S, Lee C-W, Moon J-G, Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery for bilateral lumbar foraminal decompression by switching surgeon\u2019s position and primary 2 portals: a report of 2 cases with technical note. Neurospine. 2019;16(1):138\u2013147. doi:10.14245\/ns.1836330.165"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0244.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0244.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0244.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:08:29Z","timestamp":1767362909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0244.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5681"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}