{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:09:56Z","timestamp":1767362996449,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if blood and peritoneal fluid levels of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan are elevated in horses with small intestinal disease compared to healthy counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>61 horses were categorized into control (n = 20), inflammatory (11), and strangulating (30) groups. Paired peritoneal fluid and blood samples were obtained from each group from December 2016 through December 2024 and analyzed via equine-validated ELISAs for syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan concentrations. Patient survival to discharge was recorded for all groups. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on sections of healthy and diseased jejunum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syndecan-1 concentrations were higher in horses with disease (inflammatory and strangulating lesions) compared to controls, in inflammatory peritoneal fluid relative to controls, and in horses that did not survive to discharge. Heparan sulfate concentrations were higher in diseased horses versus controls, in strangulating lesions compared to controls, and in horses that did not survive to discharge. Hyaluronan concentrations were higher in disease compared to control, lower in the peritoneal fluid of strangulating lesions, elevated in plasma from strangulating lesions, and higher in horses that did not survive to discharge. Immunofluorescence revealed a greater number of heparan sulfate\u2013positive cells in diseased intestinal tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that endothelial glycocalyx degradation is associated with small intestinal disease and nonsurvival to discharge in equine small intestinal colic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Further investigation is needed to determine if measurement of endothelial glycocalyx biomarkers may offer a novel approach for assessing intestinal injury and guiding clinical decision-making in horses with gastrointestinal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:06:28Z","timestamp":1760450788000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endothelial glycocalyx damage is associated with small intestinal disease in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3226-2166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kallie J.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-8118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elsa K.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Bayless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anje G.","family":"Bauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-2812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liara M.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"340","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality and morbidity in small intestinal volvulus in horses","volume":"33","author":"Stephen JO","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stephen JO, Corley KT, Johnston JK, Pfeiffer D. 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